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    Item type:Publication,
    A Comprehensive Review of Vision-Based Sensor Systems for Human Gait Analysis
    (MDPI AG, 2025-01-16)
    Xiaofeng Han
    ;
    ;
    Alberto Brunete
    Analysis of the human gait represents a fundamental area of investigation within the broader domains of biomechanics, clinical research, and numerous other interdisciplinary fields. The progression of visual sensor technology and machine learning algorithms has enabled substantial developments in the creation of human gait analysis systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the advancements and recent findings in the field of vision-based human gait analysis systems over the past five years, with a special emphasis on the role of vision sensors, machine learning algorithms, and technological innovations. The relevant papers were subjected to analysis using the PRISMA method, and 72 articles that met the criteria for this research project were identified. A detailing of the most commonly used visual sensor systems, machine learning algorithms, human gait analysis parameters, optimal camera placement, and gait parameter extraction methods is presented in the analysis. The findings of this research indicate that non-invasive depth cameras are gaining increasing popularity within this field. Furthermore, depth learning algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, are being employed with increasing frequency. This review seeks to establish the foundations for future innovations that will facilitate the development of more effective, versatile, and user-friendly gait analysis tools, with the potential to significantly enhance human mobility, health, and overall quality of life. This work was supported by [GOBIERNO DE ESPANA/PID2023-150967OB-I00].
    Scopus© Citations 47
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    Item type:Publication,
    The Accuracy of the Microsoft Kinect V2 Sensor for Human Gait Analysis. A Different Approach for Comparison with the Ground Truth
    (MDPI AG, 2020-08-07) ;
    Alberto Brunete
    ;
    Miguel Hernando
    ;
    Javier Rueda
    ;
    Enrique Navarro Cabello
    Several studies have examined the accuracy of the Kinect V2 sensor during gait analysis. Usually the data retrieved by the Kinect V2 sensor are compared with the ground truth of certified systems using a Euclidean comparison. Due to the Kinect V2 sensor latency, the application of a uniform temporal alignment is not adequate to compare the signals. On that basis, the purpose of this study was to explore the abilities of the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm to compensate for sensor latency (3 samples or 90 ms) and develop a proper accuracy estimation. During the experimental stage, six iterations were performed using the a dual Kinect V2 system. The walking tests were developed at a self-selected speed. The sensor accuracy for Euclidean matching was consistent with that reported in previous studies. After latency compensation, the sensor accuracy demonstrated considerably lower error rates for all joints. This demonstrated that the accuracy was underestimated due to the use of inappropriate comparison techniques. On the contrary, DTW is a potential method that compensates for the sensor latency, and works sufficiently in comparison with certified systems.
    Scopus© Citations 36
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    Technological Advancements in Human Navigation for the Visually Impaired: A Systematic Review
    Visually impaired people face significant obstacles when navigating complex environments. However, recent technological advances have greatly improved the functionality of navigation systems tailored to their needs. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness and functionality these navigation systems through a comparative analysis of recent technologies. For this purpose, the PRISMA 2020 methodology was used to perform a systematic literature review. After identification and screening, 58 articles published between 2019 and 2024 were selected from three academic databases: Dimensions (26 articles), Web of Science (18 articles), and Scopus (14 articles). Bibliometric analysis demonstrated a growing interest of the research community in the topic, with an average of 4.552 citations per published article. Even with the technological advances that have occurred in recent times, there is still a significant gap in the support systems for people with blindness due to the lack of digital accessibility and the scarcity of adapted support systems. This situation limits the autonomy and inclusion of people with blindness, so the need to continue developing technological and social solutions to ensure equal opportunities and full participation in society is evident. This study emphasizes the great advances with the integration of sensors such as high-precision GPS, ultrasonic sensors, Bluetooth, and various assistance apps for object recognition, obstacle detection, and trajectory generation, as well as haptic systems, which provide tactile information through wearables or actuators and improve spatial awareness. Current navigation algorithms were also identified in the review with methods including obstacle detection, path planning, and trajectory prediction, applied to technologies such as ultrasonic sensors, RGB-D cameras, and LiDAR for indoor navigation, as well as stereo cameras and GPS for outdoor navigation. It was also found that AI systems employ deep learning and neural networks to optimize both navigation accuracy and energy efficiency. Finally, analysis revealed that 79% of the 58 reviewed articles included experimental validation, 87% of which were on haptic systems and 40% on smartphones. These results underscore the importance of experimentation in the development of technologies for the mobility of people with visual impairment.
    Scopus© Citations 22
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    Item type:Publication,
    ROBOGait: A Mobile Robotic Platform for Human Gait Analysis in Clinical Environments
    (MDPI AG, 2021-10-13) ;
    Alberto Brunete
    ;
    Miguel Hernando
    ;
    Javier Rueda
    ;
    Enrique Navarro
    Mobile robotic platforms have made inroads in the rehabilitation area as gait assistance devices. They have rarely been used for human gait monitoring and analysis. The integration of mobile robots in this field offers the potential to develop multiple medical applications and achieve new discoveries. This study proposes the use of a mobile robotic platform based on depth cameras to perform the analysis of human gait in practical scenarios. The aim is to prove the validity of this robot and its applicability in clinical settings. The mechanical and software design of the system is presented, as well as the design of the controllers of the lane-keeping, person-following, and servoing systems. The accuracy of the system for the evaluation of joint kinematics and the main gait descriptors was validated by comparison with a Vicon-certified system. Some tests were performed in practical scenarios, where the effectiveness of the lane-keeping algorithm was evaluated. Clinical tests with patients with multiple sclerosis gave an initial impression of the applicability of the instrument in patients with abnormal walking patterns. The results demonstrate that the system can perform gait analysis with high accuracy. In the curved sections of the paths, the knee joint is affected by occlusion and the deviation of the person in the camera reference system. This issue was greatly improved by adjusting the servoing system and the following distance. The control strategy of this robot was specifically designed for the analysis of human gait from the frontal part of the participant, which allows one to capture the gait properly and represents one of the major contributions of this study in clinical practice.
    Scopus© Citations 19
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    Mechatronic Design of a Self-Contained Dexterous Robotic Hand for Gestural Communication
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023-01-13)
    Miguel Hernando
    ;
    Carlos Morillo
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    ;
    Alberto Brunete
    The hand is the most representative tool of the human body because of its complexity, dexterity, and precision. The high amount of both electronic and mechanical components results in a very difficult integration of all components inside the hand. The main objective of this work is to develop a fully integrated gestural robotic hand based on new design concepts that combine mechanics and electronics to provide a solution to the problem of limited space. ManoPla is a gestural hand, so its naturalness, low weight and full integration are the main design requirements. In this way, mechanisms that allow joint mobility have been developed using elastic components. The Color Gradient Method was applied to feed back the position of the joints. In addition, a novel thumb design with 4 degrees of freedom has been developed, including an advanced trapezium design. The Cutkosky grasp taxonomy was successfully reproduced to demonstrate the mobility of the hand proposed in this study. An impact test demonstrated the flexibility of the joints thanks to the SEA actuation approach. The main contributions of this paper are new design concepts to integrate mechanics and electronics inside the hand. In this way, ManoPla can easily be included as a gestural module of a humanoid robot for social interaction.
    Scopus© Citations 12
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    Item type:Publication,
    Control Design and Validation of Gait Analysis with the Robogait Mobile Robotic Platform
    (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025-09-03) ;
    Alberto Brunete
    ;
    Miguel Hernando Gutierrez
    ;
    David Álvarez
    ;
    The integration of mobile robotic platforms with depth sensors could led to a major advance in human gait analysis. However, the lack of dedicated technologies designed specifically for corridor-based gait analysis limits the availability of comprehensive tools to accurately and efficiently capture and analyze gait data in this specific context. In this study, control algorithms for person following and lane keeping of a mobile robotic platform named Robogait were applied and validated experimentally. The validity of using an Azure Kinect sensor for gait analysis was also examined using gait data collected from 10 participants and comparing its accuracy in gait signals and gait parameters with respect to a Vicon photogrammetric system. Results in controller design demonstrated a path following error of only 0.0446 m was measured on average, with a maximum deviation of 0.1420 m. The person tracking presented slight oscillations, however it did not affect the performance of the system in the gait analysis. An RMSE error of 12.68 was obtained for knee flex./ext., 5.54 for hip flex./ext., and just 0.06 m for the inter-ankle distance. Regarding gait descriptors analyzed, the Azure Kinect system provides reliable gait event measurements, though some discrepancies exist compared to Vicon. This study validates the use of the Azure Kinect sensor in gait analysis with mobile platforms. This offers a low-cost solution in real environments such as hospital corridors, contrary to in-lab gait analysis where the influence of equipment and the controlled environment could alter the gait pattern. The robot setup errors were comparable to static treadmill systems and similar to those of Vicon systems, which highlights its potential in clinical and rehabilitation applications.
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    Comparison of Two System Identification Approaches for a Four-Wheel Differential Robot Based on Velocity Command Execution
    (MDPI AG, 2025-06-05) ;
    Moisés Filiberto Mora Murillo
    ;
    Marco Alejandro Hinojosa
    ;
    Santiago Bustamante Sanchez
    ;
    Javier Oswaldo Obregón Gutiérrez
    Precise modeling of differential drive robots is crucial for effective control and trajectory planning in autonomous systems. A comparative analysis of two modeling approaches for a four-wheel differential drive robot is presented in this paper. The first approach, named Motor-Based Model (MBM), identifies four transfer functions, one for each motor, while the second approach, named Simplified Model (SM), uses only two transfer functions, one for linear velocity and another for angular velocity. Both models were validated by comparing their predicted trajectories against real odometry data obtained from a SLAM system implemented on a differential-drive robot. This provided a practical assessment of each model’s accuracy and underscored the importance of model selection in control design and navigation tasks. The results showed that the Motor-Based Model (MBM) consistently outperformed the Simplified Model (SM) in terms of odometry accuracy, both in position and orientation. Across all trajectories, the average RMSE for position using MBM was 0.309 m, while the SM recorded a higher average RMSE of 0.414 m. Similarly, the maximum position error averaged 0.522 m for MBM and 0.710 m for SM, confirming that MBM is more accurate and consistent in position tracking. Regarding the results of orientation estimation, when averaged across all experiments, the MBM maintained a lower angular RMSE of 0.170 rad in contrast to SM, which achieves an RMSE of 0.239 rad. The maximum angular error was also higher for the MBM at 0.316 rad, compared to 0.447 rad for the SM. Moreover, the computational performance evaluation indicated that the SM consistently outperformed MBM, achieving a 30% reduction in simulation time and substantially lower memory usage. These results demonstrate the relationship between model complexity and accuracy and suggest that the motor-specific model is more appropriate for applications requiring precise mapping or localization, such as SLAM, while the simplified model may be suitable for simpler use cases with lower computational requirements, such as embedded systems with limited resources. This paper provides a practical evaluation of the accuracy and computational performance of two modeling approaches, highlighting the implications of model selection for the design of navigation tasks.
    Scopus© Citations 5
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    Organic zinc sources in broiler production at high altitude under on-top supplementation or total or partial replacement: 1. Effects on performance and zinc excretion
    (Elsevier BV, 2024-12)
    R. Riboty
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    J.L. Gaibor
    ;
    C.L. Ponce-de-Leon
    ;
    Feeding broilers with organic chemical sources of Zn has recently been recommended to improve performance, immune system, carcass yield, and reduce environmental contamination. However, its use under proposed supplementation strategies (i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, on-top) needs further investigation. This study assessed the effect of total replacement, partial replacement, and on-top supplementation strategies to feed organic Zn sources and the effect of two organic chemical forms on performance and Zn excretion in broilers at high altitudes. Twenty-two male Cobb 500-day-old chicks were placed in each of 54 floor pens and raised for up to 42 days under a three-phase feeding program and following the Ecuadorian highland production system. Pens were assigned to one of nine experimental treatments consisting of a basal diet supplemented with 0, 33, and 100 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 and added or not 40 ppm Zn from Zn proteinate or Zn amino acid complex. A Completely Randomized Block Design was considered, being the block the replication. The Zn concentration of the basal diet was determined. Feed intake, BW, BW gain, feed conversion ratio, and European Production Efficiency Factor were assessed at 21 and 42 days of age, and the Zn excretion was estimated accordingly. Each supplementation strategy was compared with the standard practice (100 ppm Zn as ZnSO4) using contrasts and mixed models, and the interaction with the chemical form was assessed considering the P-values of the ANOVA and the multiple comparisons between the corresponding treatments. The effects of the organic Zn forms and their interactions with the dietary Zn level were assessed considering the responses were linear functions of the organic Zn source, the feed intake, the Zn intake, the Zn supplementation level, and the block, as corresponding. None of the strategies to supplement a Zn organic source, or the organic sources themselves, showed overall detectable effects on performance. However, interactions were observed between the supplementation strategy and the organic Zn source and between the organic source and the dietary Zn levels or the Zn intake. Under the on-top supplementation strategy, the Zn organic sources showed different feed conversion ratios at 21 days. In addition, totally or partially replacing the ZnSO4 with a Zn organic form reduced the Zn excretion. In conclusion, although no overall effect of the supplementation strategies was detected, the assessed organic Zn forms showed different effects on the feed conversion ratio at 21 days.
    Scopus© Citations 4
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    Item type:Publication,
    Organic zinc sources in broiler production at high altitude under on-top supplementation or total or partial replacement: 2. Effects on tibia and blood characteristics
    (Elsevier BV, 2024-12)
    R. Riboty
    ;
    J.L. Gaibor
    ;
    C.L. Ponce-de-Leon
    ;
    The use of organic Zn sources has been claimed to reduce the environmental impact of poultry production and improve broiler performance and the quality of products. This study investigated the effects of three organic Zn supplementation strategies (i.e., TRE, total replacement; PRE, partial replacement; OTS, on-top supplementation) on tibia and blood biochemistry characteristics of broilers at high altitudes. Male Cobb 500 chicks were distributed in 54 floor pens (22 birds each) and assigned to nine experimental treatments. Birds were fed mash diets under three feeding phases until 42 days and following the standard Ecuadorian high-altitude production standard practices. The treatments were a basal diet supplemented with three inclusion rates of ZnSO4 and the same diets including or not Zn from one of two organic Zn sources (i.e., ZPR, Zn proteinate; ZAC, Zn amino acid complex). Basal diets were analyzed for Zn concentration. Tibia ash and Zn concentrations and serum biochemistry variables were determined at 21 and 42 days. The strategies to supplement organic Zn were compared with the reference treatment containing 100 ppm Zn as ZnSO4 (the standard practice; STD) using mixed models, being the block (i.e., the replication) as a random factor. The interaction of the strategy with the organic Zn source was assessed with the ANOVA and multiple comparisons. The organic Zn sources were compared considering the feed intake a random factor, and their interaction with the dietary Zn level was assessed using multiple regression. No overall effect of the Zn supplementation strategy was observed other than the reduced Zn concentration at 21 days in TRE birds. At 21 days, PRE and TRE increased the serum protein and phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At that age, TRE also increased insulin concentration, but only in the ZAC-fed birds. However, TRE produced the opposite effect on serum protein at 42 days. At the same age, ZAC-fed birds showed lower serum phosphorus concentration than ZPR-fed ones regardless of the dietary Zn supplementation level or the Zn intake. Also, ZAC under TRE produced no effect on tibia Zn concentration compared to STD, but ZPR increased it. The ZPR increased the tibia Zn concentration when fed under PRE or TRE, but not under OTS. In conclusion, the results showed no adverse effect of PRE or TRE strategies on tibia characteristics. The data indicate likely different effects of PRE and TRE on protein metabolism and a possible negative interaction of the organic Zn with a high Zn content as ZnSO4.
    Scopus© Citations 4
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    Optimizing Electrical Systems Stability: A Novel Lyapunov Framework for Harmonic Reduction and Power Quality Enhancement
    (IEEE, 2024-08-05)
    Wilson Pavón
    ;
    Michael Chamorro
    ;
    Ismael Michala
    ;
    ;
    Mohan Kolhe
    This study investigates power quality improvement through a Lyapunov-based harmonic reduction strategy utilizing an Active Hybrid Power Filter (SHAPF). Central to this approach is the application of state feedback to maintain system stability. A practical case study examining the influence of a Nonlinear Load (NLL) on an IEEE 13-bus distribution system validates the proposed methodology. Implemented and scrutinized via Matlab/Simulink, this research encompasses the detailed modeling of the SHAPF, its control strategies, and the analysis of harmonic distortion data. Such an in-depth simulation facilitates a rigorous evaluation of the method in conditions mirroring real-world scenarios, shedding light on its efficacy and applicability. Harnessing the principles of Lyapunov theory alongside advanced control techniques, the objective is to markedly diminish harmonic distortions in power systems, thereby significantly improving power quality and Electrical Compatibility (EC). This contribution highlights a commitment to enhancing the reliability and quality of modern power system engineering through innovative solutions.