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    Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) Leaf Extract: Characterization and Their Biological Activities
    (MDPI AG, 2024-09-25) ;
    Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
    ;
    ; ;
    Cristina Rodríguez-Pólit
    Background. Mansoa alliacea is a native plant renowned for its medicinal properties in traditional healing in the Amazon Region. This plant is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, tannins, ketones, triterpenes, as well as other bioactive compounds. Objectives. This study aims to develop an innovative, eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of M. alliacea (Ma-AgNPs), enhancing the biological activities of AgNPs by leveraging the therapeutic potential of the plant’s bioactive compounds. Methods. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous extract of M. alliacea. The biological activities of Ma-AgNPs were assessed, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-biofilm effects, along with evaluating their hemolytic activity. Results. Quantitative analysis revealed that Ma-AgNPs exhibit potent antibacterial activity against multidrug and non-multidrug-resistant bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 1.3 to 10.0 µg/mL. The Ma-AgNPs significantly reduced NO production by 86.9% at 4 µg/mL, indicating strong anti-inflammatory effects. They demonstrated robust antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 5.54 ± 1.48 µg/mL and minimal hemolytic activity, with no hemolysis observed up to 20 µg/mL and only 4.5% at 40 µg/mL. Their antitumor properties were notable, with IC50 values between 2.9 and 5.4 µg/mL across various cell lines, and they achieved over 50% biofilm inhibition at concentrations of 30–40 µg/mL. Conclusions. These findings underscore the potential of Ma-AgNPs for biomedical applications, particularly in developing new antimicrobial agents and bioactive coatings with reduced toxicity. This research highlights a sustainable approach that not only preserves but also amplifies the inherent biological activities of plant extracts, paving the way for innovative therapeutic solutions.
    Scopus© Citations 13
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    Functional and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Artocarpus Heterophyllus (Jackfruit) Fruit and Leaves at Different Ripening Stages
    (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025-04-23)
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    Edgar Rodríguez
    ;
    ;
    Gabriela Méndez
    Jackfruit is an exotic fruit that has aroused interest due to its size and nutritional potential. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the physicochemical properties of pulp, seeds, peel, and leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus. The fruit was collected at three stages of maturity (M1, immature; M2, physiological maturity; and M3, commercial maturity) and left at two sets of vegetative development (NL, new; OL, old). Weight, size, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, phenolics, carotenoids, organic acids, saponins, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were determined. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were used in a solution obtained by microextraction, and quantification was performed using spectrophotometric methods in microplates. The results showed a high concentration of total phenolics in the leaves (50.78 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW in M1) and carotenoid in the pulp of M3 (316.8 mg β-carotene 100 g−1 DW). At the same time, malic acid was mainly found in the pulp (3,077.7 mg 100 g−1 DW in M1), saponins in the leaves (11.3% in NL), and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seeds of M1 (3.8 and 4.2 mmol TE g-1 DW, respectively) and M2 (4.0 and 4.3 mmol TE g−1 DW, respectively). In turn, leaves showed inhibition of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. These results highlight the diversity and relevance of chemical constituents in different parts of jackfruit and their potential benefits for human health, including the leaves, seeds, and shells.
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    Phenylthiadiazole-Based Schiff Base Fluorescent Chemosensor for the Detection of Al3+ and Zn2+ Ions
    (MDPI AG, 2025-08-08) ;
    Ariana Fiallos-Ayala
    ;
    Amanda Cevallos-Vallejo
    Aluminum (Al) and zinc (Zn) are two of the most widely used metals in industry, and their excessive accumulation in the body has been linked to serious diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and cancer. This highlights the need for effective ways to detect and measure them. In this study, we synthesized the fluorescent chemosensor 1, which contains a Schiff base and a 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring in its structure, and evaluated its fluorescent response in the presence of various metal ions. The chemosensor enabled the selective quantification of Al3+ and Zn2+ ions through excitations at different wavelengths, yielding differentiated fluorescent emissions. For Al3+, excitation at 370 nm generated a strong emission at 480 nm, whereas for Zn2+, excitation at 320 nm led to a new small broad emission at 560 nm. We established detection limits of 2.22 × 10−6 M for Al3+ and 1.62 × 10−5 M for Zn2+; their binding stoichiometry was found to be 1:1 for Al3+ and 2:1 for Zn2+, based on Job’s plot analysis. These results show that chemosensor 1 is a promising tool for detecting Al3+ and Zn2+.
    Scopus© Citations 2
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    Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Activity
    (MDPI AG, 2023-11-08) ;
    Julio Guerra
    ;
    Alexander Mueller
    ;
    ;
    Carlos Barba-Ostria
    <jats:p>The rise of antimicrobial resistance caused by inappropriate use of these agents in various settings has become a global health threat. Nanotechnology offers the potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with antimicrobial activity, such as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The use of IONPs is a promising way to overcome antimicrobial resistance or pathogenicity because of their ability to interact with several biological molecules and to inhibit microbial growth. In this review, we outline the pivotal findings over the past decade concerning methods for the green synthesis of IONPs using bacteria, fungi, plants, and organic waste. Subsequently, we delve into the primary challenges encountered in green synthesis utilizing diverse organisms and organic materials. Furthermore, we compile the most common methods employed for the characterization of these IONPs. To conclude, we highlight the applications of these IONPs as promising antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral agents.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 147
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    Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antitumor, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Gleichenella pectinata, a Bioprospecting of Medicinal Ferns
    (MDPI AG, 2025-11-12)
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    ;
    Gabriela Méndez
    ;
    Mateo Moya Coyago
    ;
    Juan A. Puente Pineda
    Gleichenella pectinata, known as ‘Star fern’, is a species traditionally used by Amazonian indigenous communities to treat various diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities of G. pectinata leaves. The study included the determination of physicochemical parameters (pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, moisture, and ash), phytochemical screening, mineral analysis by atomic absorption and quantification of bioactive compounds (vitamin C, organic acids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenols) by liquid chromatography (RRLC). Antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH), antimicrobial (ATCC bacteria and fungi, and multi-resistant strains), antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. The results showed the presence of acetogenins, high concentrations of malic acid (56,559.7 mg/100 g DW), β-carotene (266.6 mg/100 g DW), chlorophyll b (684.7 mg/100 g DW), ferulic acid (3163.5 mg/100 g DW) and quercetin glucoside (945.9 mg/100 g DW). The freeze-dried ethanolic extracts showed greater efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC (12.0 mg/mL) and multidrug-resistant strains of E. coli (6.6 mg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (6.6 mg/mL). In addition, the extract exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity (IC50: 0.98–1.98 mg/mL) in hepatocellular and cervical carcinoma cell lines. In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence of the antitumor and bioactive potential of G. pectinata, supporting its value as a natural source of functional compounds with potential pharmacological applications.
    Scopus© Citations 2
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    Functional and Antioxidant Evaluation of Two Ecotypes of Control and Grafted Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum) at Different Altitudes
    (MDPI AG, 2023-09-20)
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    Aida Guachamin
    ;
    Gabriela Méndez
    ;
    Melany Moya
    ;
    Aníbal Martínez
    <jats:p>Tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) is susceptible to nematode attack; for this reason, grafting is used as an alternative to reduce this impact. In this study, the bioactive compounds of the fruit (shell, pulp, and seed jelly) of two tree tomato ecotypes (‘giant orange’ and ‘giant purple’) were evaluated in both control and grafted plants grown at different altitudes (2010–2250, 2260–2500, 2510–2750 and 2760–3000 masl). Commercial quality, vitamin C, organic acids, phenolics, carotenoids and antioxidant activity were determined by microextraction and quantified by liquid chromatography (RRLC) or spectrophotometry (microplate reader). The results showed high concentrations of vitamin C, organic acids and antioxidant activity in the seed jelly, organic acids in the pulp and phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity in the shell. The main phenolics were ferulic acid, caffeic acid and luteolin, while the main carotenoids were lutein, B-cryptoxanthin and B-carotene. Multivariate analysis showed that tree tomato quality was mainly influenced by altitude and fruit part and that grafting positively affected soluble solids for both ecotypes and all altitudes.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 22
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    Functional, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Profile of Medicinal Leaves from the Amazon
    (MDPI AG, 2025-08-05)
    Gabriela Méndez
    ;
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    Paola Lomas
    ;
    Marco Cerna
    ;
    The Amazon region is home to a remarkable diversity of plant species that are used in traditional medicine and cuisine. This study aimed to evaluate the functional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the leaves of Allium schoenoprasum, Brugmansia candida (white and pink), and Cyclanthemum bipartitum. Bioactive compounds (L-ascorbic acid, organic acids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and chlorophylls) were quantified using liquid chromatography. The ABTS and DPPH methods were used to assess the antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis was evaluated. The results revealed a high content of L-ascorbic acid (7.6 mg/100 g dry weight) and total carotenoids (509.0 mg/100 g dry weight), as well as high antioxidant capacity (4.5 mmol TE/100 g dry weight) and broad antimicrobial activity in Brugmansia candida ‘pink’. The White variety had the highest concentration of total chlorophylls (1742.8 mg/100 g DW), Cyclanthemum bipartitum had the highest total organic acid content (2814.5 mg/100 g DW), and Allium schoenoprasum had the highest concentration of total phenolic compounds (11,351.6 mg/100 g DW). These results constitute a starting point for future research, emphasizing the potential health risks that certain species may pose.
    Scopus© Citations 4
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    Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds and Mucilage of Non-Traditional Cocoas
    (MDPI AG, 2025-02-28)
    Elena Coyago Cruz
    ;
    Iván Salazar
    ;
    Aida Guachamin
    ;
    Melany Alomoto
    ;
    Marco Cerna
    The biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest includes little-known cocoa species, which are essential resources for local communities. This study evaluated the bioactive compounds and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of seeds and mucilage of four non-traditional cocoa species (Theobroma subincanum, T. speciosum, T. bicolor and Herrania nitida). Physico-chemical properties, minerals, vitamin C, organic acids, phenolics, and carotenoids were analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques. The antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS and DPPH, along with the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus mutans, as well as Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. T. subincanum seeds scored high in titratable acidity, magnesium, sodium, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin. In contrast, the mucilage scored high in calcium, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin glycoside, and antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. T. speciosum mucilage excelled in malic acid, tartaric acid, naringenin, and antioxidant capacity. T. bicolor seeds excelled in lutein and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and mucilage in iron, potassium, vitamin C, citric acid, gallic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and antioxidant capacity by ABTS. The mucilage of H. nitida has a high soluble solids content. These results highlight the potential of these species as sustainable sources of functional compounds and nutraceuticals.
    Scopus© Citations 15
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    Ethyl (1R*,10S*,12R*,15S*)-4-Hydroxy-2-oxo-15- (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-9-oxatetracyclo[10.2.2.01,10.03,8]hexadeca-3,5,7,13-tetraene-13-carboxylate
    (MDPI AG, 2017-01-18) ;
    Ramiro Araya-Maturana
    <jats:p>N-Vinylpirrolidinone reacts with (E)-ethyl 5-hydroxy-3-(4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl) acrylate (1) through a domino reaction similar to that reported reaction for ethyl vinyl ether. Inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA)–elimination-IEDDA generates isomeric tetracycles 5 and 6. The assignment of the relative stereochemistry of the products was made by comparing the proton couplings with those obtained by reaction with ethyl vinyl ether.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 1
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    High Molecular Weight Chitosan from Shrimp Shells: Synthesis of Para-Substituted Schiff Bases with Selective Leishmanicidal Activity and Application in CO2/O2-Selective Films
    (MDPI AG, 2026-06-04)
    Yánez-Crespo, Andrés Alejandro
    ;
    Alcívar-León, Christian David
    ;
    Bonilla-Valladares, Pablo Mauricio
    ;
    Yánez-Darquea, Trosky Germán
    ;
    Scopus© Citations 1