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Microbiota dysbiosis impact on the metabolism of T3 and T4 hormones and its association with thyroid cancer
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-06-02)
Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
;
Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
;
Elius Paz-Cruz
;
Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo
;
Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo
This review explores the impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis on thyroid hormone metabolism and its potential association with thyroid cancer. The analysis highlights specific bacterial genera linked to thyroid dysfunction, the role of gut microbiota in iodine absorption, and mechanisms connecting dysbiosis with thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and Graves’ disease. Additionally, it examines the potential of gut microbiota as a biomarker for diagnosis and personalized treatment, as well as the prospect of probiotics and microbiota-targeted treatments. The review emphasizes the importance of conducting additional research to fully understand microbiota-thyroid interactions and develop appropriate therapies to improve clinical outcomes and patient quality of life.
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Redefining Chemoresistance: Natural Bioactives as Molecular Modulators at the Cancer–Tumor Microenvironment Interface
(MDPI AG, 2025-08-20)
REYTOR GONZÁLEZ, CLAUDIA MARÍA
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Emilia Jiménez Flores
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GONZALEZ CALZADA, NATALI
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SIMANCAS RACINES, DANIEL ALEJANDRO
Therapeutic resistance remains a critical barrier in effective cancer treatment, contributing to disease recurrence, progression, and reduced patient survival. In recent years, natural bioactive compounds have emerged as promising adjuncts in oncology due to their ability to modulate multiple biological processes involved in resistance. This review explores current evidence on the role of natural compounds in influencing cancer cell behavior and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment. By organizing these compounds into chemical families, we provide a structured overview of their potential to enhance the efficacy of standard chemotherapy and reduce resistance-related mechanisms. We also highlight innovative strategies, including combination therapies and advanced drug delivery systems, that aim to improve their clinical applicability. Overall, this work underscores the relevance of integrating natural bioactives into modern cancer therapy and calls for further translational research to bridge preclinical findings with clinical implementation.
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Oesophageal adenocarcinoma, obesity, and cancer: the role of nutrition in prevention and management
(Informa UK Limited, 2025-05-29)
REYTOR GONZÁLEZ, CLAUDIA MARÍA
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SIMANCAS RACINES, DANIEL ALEJANDRO
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Emilia Jiménez Flores
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Martín Campuzano Donoso
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Angelo Michele Carella
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is increasingly associated with obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and genetic predispositions. This review explores how nutritional factors interact with these risk elements, emphasizing the potential of dietary strategies in EAC prevention and management. Diets such as the Mediterranean and plant-based patterns may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic imbalance, thereby modulating cancer risk. Nutrient-rich foods–particularly omega-3 fatty acids, cruciferous vegetables, and dietary fibre–offer additional protective effects. Personalized nutrition, tailored to individual genetic and metabolic profiles, is emerging as a promising tool in cancer prevention. Moreover, weight management strategies like caloric restriction and intermittent fasting may contribute to risk reduction. Integrating these approaches into clinical and public health practices could play a critical role in mitigating the underlying drivers of EAC. Further research is needed to strengthen dietary guidelines and advance precision nutrition for high-risk populations.
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AQSA—Algorithm for Automatic Quantification of Spheres Derived from Cancer Cells in Microfluidic Devices
(MDPI AG, 2024-11-20)
PEÑAHERRERA PAZMIÑO, ANA BELÉN
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Ramiro Fernando Isa-Jara
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Elsa Hincapié-Arias
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Silvia Gómez
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Denise Belgorosky
Sphere formation assay is an accepted cancer stem cell (CSC) enrichment method. CSCs play a crucial role in chemoresistance and cancer recurrence. Therefore, CSC growth is studied in plates and microdevices to develop prediction chemotherapy assays in cancer. As counting spheres cultured in devices is laborious, time-consuming, and operator-dependent, a computational program called the Automatic Quantification of Spheres Algorithm (ASQA) that detects, identifies, counts, and measures spheres automatically was developed. The algorithm and manual counts were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.167). The performance of the AQSA is better when the input image has a uniform background, whereas, with a nonuniform background, artifacts can be interpreted as spheres according to image characteristics. The areas of spheres derived from LN229 cells and CSCs from primary cultures were measured. For images with one sphere, area measurements obtained with the AQSA and SpheroidJ were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.173). Notably, the AQSA detects more than one sphere, compared to other approaches available in the literature, and computes the sphere area automatically, which enables the observation of treatment response in the sphere derived from the human glioblastoma LN229 cell line. In addition, the algorithm identifies spheres with numbers to identify each one over time. The AQSA analyzes many images in 0.3 s per image with a low computational cost, enabling laboratories from developing countries to perform sphere counts and area measurements without needing a powerful computer. Consequently, it can be a useful tool for automated CSC quantification from cancer cell lines, and it can be adjusted to quantify CSCs from primary culture cells. CSC-derived sphere detection is highly relevant as it avoids expensive treatments and unnecessary toxicity.
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Designing cytochrome P450 enzymes for use in cancer gene therapy
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024-05-24)
Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
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Alexander Mueller
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Juan A. Puente-Pineda
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ZUÑIGA MIRANDA, JOHANA JANINA
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GUAMAN BAUTISTA, LINDA PRISCILA
Cancer is a significant global socioeconomic burden, as millions of new cases and deaths occur annually. In 2020, almost 10 million cancer deaths were recorded worldwide. Advancements in cancer gene therapy have revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. An approach with promising potential for cancer gene therapy is introducing genes to cancer cells that encode for chemotherapy prodrug metabolizing enzymes, such as Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which can contribute to the effective elimination of cancer cells. This can be achieved through gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). CYP enzymes can be genetically engineered to improve anticancer prodrug conversion to its active metabolites and to minimize chemotherapy side effects by reducing the prodrug dosage. Rational design, directed evolution, and phylogenetic methods are some approaches to developing tailored CYP enzymes for cancer therapy. Here, we provide a compilation of genetic modifications performed on CYP enzymes aiming to build highly efficient therapeutic genes capable of bio-activating different chemotherapeutic prodrugs. Additionally, this review summarizes promising preclinical and clinical trials highlighting engineered CYP enzymes’ potential in GDEPT. Finally, the challenges, limitations, and future directions of using CYP enzymes for GDEPT in cancer gene therapy are discussed.

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