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    Functional and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Artocarpus Heterophyllus (Jackfruit) Fruit and Leaves at Different Ripening Stages
    (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025-04-23)
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    Edgar Rodríguez
    ;
    HEREDIA MOYA, JORGE HUMBERTO  
    ;
    Gabriela Méndez
    Jackfruit is an exotic fruit that has aroused interest due to its size and nutritional potential. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the physicochemical properties of pulp, seeds, peel, and leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus. The fruit was collected at three stages of maturity (M1, immature; M2, physiological maturity; and M3, commercial maturity) and left at two sets of vegetative development (NL, new; OL, old). Weight, size, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, phenolics, carotenoids, organic acids, saponins, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were determined. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were used in a solution obtained by microextraction, and quantification was performed using spectrophotometric methods in microplates. The results showed a high concentration of total phenolics in the leaves (50.78 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW in M1) and carotenoid in the pulp of M3 (316.8 mg β-carotene 100 g−1 DW). At the same time, malic acid was mainly found in the pulp (3,077.7 mg 100 g−1 DW in M1), saponins in the leaves (11.3% in NL), and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seeds of M1 (3.8 and 4.2 mmol TE g-1 DW, respectively) and M2 (4.0 and 4.3 mmol TE g−1 DW, respectively). In turn, leaves showed inhibition of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. These results highlight the diversity and relevance of chemical constituents in different parts of jackfruit and their potential benefits for human health, including the leaves, seeds, and shells.
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    Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds and Mucilage of Non-Traditional Cocoas
    (MDPI AG, 2025-02-28)
    Elena Coyago Cruz
    ;
    Iván Salazar
    ;
    Aida Guachamin
    ;
    Melany Alomoto
    ;
    Marco Cerna
    The biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest includes little-known cocoa species, which are essential resources for local communities. This study evaluated the bioactive compounds and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of seeds and mucilage of four non-traditional cocoa species (Theobroma subincanum, T. speciosum, T. bicolor and Herrania nitida). Physico-chemical properties, minerals, vitamin C, organic acids, phenolics, and carotenoids were analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques. The antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS and DPPH, along with the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus mutans, as well as Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. T. subincanum seeds scored high in titratable acidity, magnesium, sodium, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin. In contrast, the mucilage scored high in calcium, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin glycoside, and antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. T. speciosum mucilage excelled in malic acid, tartaric acid, naringenin, and antioxidant capacity. T. bicolor seeds excelled in lutein and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and mucilage in iron, potassium, vitamin C, citric acid, gallic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and antioxidant capacity by ABTS. The mucilage of H. nitida has a high soluble solids content. These results highlight the potential of these species as sustainable sources of functional compounds and nutraceuticals.
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    Bioactive Compound Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phytelephas tenuicaulis and Other Amazonian Fruits
    (MDPI AG, 2024-07-07)
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    David Valenzuela
    ;
    Aida Guachamin
    ;
    Gabriela Méndez
    ;
    HEREDIA MOYA, JORGE HUMBERTO  
    The Amazon region is home to many plant species, many of which have not been studied. The objective was to evaluate the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of Phytelephas tenuicalis (tintiuk), Grias neuberthii (apai), Euterpe oleracea (acai), and Mauritia flexuosa (brown moriche). Physicochemical analyses were carried out on fresh fruit from local markets. Bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phenolics, vitamin C, and organic acids) were quantified in the freeze-dried pulp by rapid-resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC), and antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH assays. The results showed high soluble solids (10.7 °Brix) and ascorbic acid (67.3 mg/100 g DW) in tintiuk; β-carotene (63.4 mg/100 g DW) and malic acid (19.6 g/100 g DW) in brown moriche; quercetin (944.2 mg/100 g DW) and antioxidant activity by ABTS (6.7 mmol ET/100 g DW) in apai; and citric acid (2.1 g/100 g DW) in acai. These results indicate interesting bioactive properties that could increase the consumption of these fruits nationally and internationally, benefiting local farmers and stimulating the development of new products in functional food, medicine, and cosmetics.