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    Functional, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Profile of Medicinal Leaves from the Amazon
    (MDPI AG, 2025-08-05)
    Gabriela Méndez
    ;
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    Paola Lomas
    ;
    Marco Cerna
    ;
    HEREDIA MOYA, JORGE HUMBERTO  
    The Amazon region is home to a remarkable diversity of plant species that are used in traditional medicine and cuisine. This study aimed to evaluate the functional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the leaves of Allium schoenoprasum, Brugmansia candida (white and pink), and Cyclanthemum bipartitum. Bioactive compounds (L-ascorbic acid, organic acids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and chlorophylls) were quantified using liquid chromatography. The ABTS and DPPH methods were used to assess the antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis was evaluated. The results revealed a high content of L-ascorbic acid (7.6 mg/100 g dry weight) and total carotenoids (509.0 mg/100 g dry weight), as well as high antioxidant capacity (4.5 mmol TE/100 g dry weight) and broad antimicrobial activity in Brugmansia candida ‘pink’. The White variety had the highest concentration of total chlorophylls (1742.8 mg/100 g DW), Cyclanthemum bipartitum had the highest total organic acid content (2814.5 mg/100 g DW), and Allium schoenoprasum had the highest concentration of total phenolic compounds (11,351.6 mg/100 g DW). These results constitute a starting point for future research, emphasizing the potential health risks that certain species may pose.
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    Lacmellea oblongata and Other Undervalued Amazonian Fruits as Functional, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Matrices
    (MDPI AG, 2025-07-29)
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    Gabriela Méndez
    ;
    Ruth Escobar-Quiñonez
    ;
    Marco Cerna
    ;
    HEREDIA MOYA, JORGE HUMBERTO  
    The Amazon represents a key source of food biodiversity and is home to native fruits with high nutritional and functional potential, many of which remain largely unstudied. This research aimed to evaluate the presence of bioactive compounds, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Miconia crenata, Grias neuberthii, Lacmellea oblongata, Pourouma cecprofiilia, and Annona edulis. Physical and chemical parameters, mineral content (atomic absorption), vitamin C, organic acid, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenols (liquid chromatography), antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH), and antimicrobial activity (against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans) were determined. High concentrations of calcium, syringic acid, and antioxidant activity were found in the fruits of Miconia crenata; malic and caffeic acids in Grias neuberthii; citric acid, naringenin, and antioxidant activity in Lactuca oblongata; potassium, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid in Pourouma cecropiifolia; and tartaric acid and gallic acid in Annona edulis. Additionally, low antimicrobial activity was observed in M. crenata against E. coli (2.7 mg/mL), G. neuberthii against S. aureus (10.3 mg/mL), and L. oblongata against S. mutans (10.4 mg/mL), C. albicans (20.8 mg/mL), and C. tropicalis (20.8 mg/mL). The results confirm that these Amazonian fruits are a relevant source of functional bioactive compounds, highlighting their potential for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology sectors.
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    Functional and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Artocarpus Heterophyllus (Jackfruit) Fruit and Leaves at Different Ripening Stages
    (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025-04-23)
    Elena Coyago-Cruz
    ;
    Edgar Rodríguez
    ;
    HEREDIA MOYA, JORGE HUMBERTO  
    ;
    Gabriela Méndez
    Jackfruit is an exotic fruit that has aroused interest due to its size and nutritional potential. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the physicochemical properties of pulp, seeds, peel, and leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus. The fruit was collected at three stages of maturity (M1, immature; M2, physiological maturity; and M3, commercial maturity) and left at two sets of vegetative development (NL, new; OL, old). Weight, size, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, phenolics, carotenoids, organic acids, saponins, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were determined. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were used in a solution obtained by microextraction, and quantification was performed using spectrophotometric methods in microplates. The results showed a high concentration of total phenolics in the leaves (50.78 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW in M1) and carotenoid in the pulp of M3 (316.8 mg β-carotene 100 g−1 DW). At the same time, malic acid was mainly found in the pulp (3,077.7 mg 100 g−1 DW in M1), saponins in the leaves (11.3% in NL), and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seeds of M1 (3.8 and 4.2 mmol TE g-1 DW, respectively) and M2 (4.0 and 4.3 mmol TE g−1 DW, respectively). In turn, leaves showed inhibition of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. These results highlight the diversity and relevance of chemical constituents in different parts of jackfruit and their potential benefits for human health, including the leaves, seeds, and shells.
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    Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds and Mucilage of Non-Traditional Cocoas
    (MDPI AG, 2025-02-28)
    Elena Coyago Cruz
    ;
    Iván Salazar
    ;
    Aida Guachamin
    ;
    Melany Alomoto
    ;
    Marco Cerna
    The biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest includes little-known cocoa species, which are essential resources for local communities. This study evaluated the bioactive compounds and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of seeds and mucilage of four non-traditional cocoa species (Theobroma subincanum, T. speciosum, T. bicolor and Herrania nitida). Physico-chemical properties, minerals, vitamin C, organic acids, phenolics, and carotenoids were analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques. The antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS and DPPH, along with the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus mutans, as well as Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. T. subincanum seeds scored high in titratable acidity, magnesium, sodium, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin. In contrast, the mucilage scored high in calcium, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin glycoside, and antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. T. speciosum mucilage excelled in malic acid, tartaric acid, naringenin, and antioxidant capacity. T. bicolor seeds excelled in lutein and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and mucilage in iron, potassium, vitamin C, citric acid, gallic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and antioxidant capacity by ABTS. The mucilage of H. nitida has a high soluble solids content. These results highlight the potential of these species as sustainable sources of functional compounds and nutraceuticals.