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A comprehensive review on MXene nanostructures for biosensing, imaging, and therapeutic systems
(Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
Ali Mohammad Amani
;
Ehsan Vafa
;
Maryam Mirzae
;
Milad Abbasi
;
Ahmad Vaez
Because of their exceptional electrical, mechanical, dimensional, chemical, and magnetic characteristics, MXenes have attracted an abundance of interest in scholarly study lately. According to recent developments and discoveries, MXene, a multilayered compound with a two-dimensional (2D) framework, has a lot greater promise for use in bioengineering and medical research than other nanosystems. These uses encompass medical procedures, administering medications, biosensor technologies, incorporation, antimicrobial agents, and biological imaging. MXenes are very attractive prospects for therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic use because of their distinctive features, which include their substantial conductivity to electricity, magnetic luminescence, wide extent of coverage, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicological profile. Modifications to the MXene surfaces are biocompatible and serve a variety of purposes, such as directing ligands to certain locations for preferred aggregation, which makes them suitable for use in particular applications. A description of the properties, changes, and synthesis techniques of MXene nanostructures is presented in this work. The practical applications of MXene-derived nanostructures in biomedical fields are also thoroughly evaluated in this study, with an emphasis on implants, biosensing, biological imaging, antibacterial activities, and versatile therapeutic systems. The potential opportunities and difficulties related to the use of MXenes throughout the field of biological medicine are also covered in this paper.
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Advances in green synthesis of nanoparticles for biomedical applications: Antimicrobial, antiviral, and cancer therapies
(Elsevier BV, 2026-03)
HESAM, KAMYAB
;
Elham Khalili
;
Tayebeh Khademi
;
Ali Yuzir
;
Mohammad Mahdi Taheri
Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered a considerable amount of attention lately due to its low production expenses, simplicity of manufacturing, safety, and environmental friendliness. It is a dependable method for creating a variety of nanostructures from fungal, plant, and bacterial extracts as well as hybrid materials, including metal salts. A viable and sustainable substitute for traditional synthesis methods is the green synthesis of NPs. According to recent research, NPs have very promising antiviral and antimicrobial capabilities. This article highlights the progress made in the green method for manufacturing NPs utilizing natural substances, including fruit juices, plant extracts, and other pertinent sources. A thorough understanding of these NPs' anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial abilities was presented. Numerous opportunities are presented by these NPs to combat potentially fatal viral and other antimicrobial diseases. This review provides readers with a grasp of the latest data and a variety of tactics for designing and developing advanced green nanomaterials using a more environmentally friendly approach. A summary is provided of the present difficulties, critical analysis, and prospects for the green synthesis of NPs as well as the potential for their innovative and successful investigation for biomedical applications.
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Enhancing RhB photocatalytic degradation with ZnO/Sb2MoO6 Z-scheme photocatalyst: Evaluation of performance and mechanism
(Elsevier BV, 2026-04)
HESAM, KAMYAB
;
Tayebeh Khademi
;
Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
;
Mohammad Yusuf
;
Saravanan Rajendran
Integrating semiconductors to improve light absorption and promote efficient charge-carrier separation is widely regarded as a promising strategy for enhancing photocatalytic performance. Nevertheless, designing heterostructures that simultaneously possess optimal optical characteristics and favorable interfacial energy alignments remains a significant challenge. In this study, a Z-scheme ZnO/Sb₂MoO₆ photocatalyst was successfully fabricated via an efficient hydrothermal synthesis method and employed for photocatalytic RhB degradation for the first time. The XRD results confirmed the successful synthesis of pure bare ZnO, Sb2MoO6, and the ZnO/Sb2MoO6 composite, as evidenced by the characteristic peaks corresponding to these semiconductor materials. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the nanocomposite exhibits a broader absorption range, suggesting its potential application as a visible-light-driven photocatalyst. Additionally, the composite demonstrated a smaller radius in the EIS Nyquist plot, a stronger photocurrent response, and a weaker PL emission intensity, all of which indicate reduced charge transfer resistance and more efficient separation of charge carriers. The ZnO/Sb2MoO6 composite demonstrated significantly enhanced and reliable photocatalytic degradation performance compared to individual ZnO and Sb2MoO6. Under optimal conditions (photocatalyst dosage: 1 g L-1, dye concentration: 5 mg L-1, and pH = 9), the composite achieved a degradation rate constant of 589.3 × 10–4 min-1 for RhB. The Z-scheme heterostructure enhances light absorption, effectively suppresses charge-carrier recombination, and enables the spatial separation of oxidation and reduction sites. Additionally, it preserves an optimal alignment of the valence and conduction bands, thereby sustaining the photocatalyst's robust redox activity. This study introduces an easy approach to developing photocatalysts by creating direct Z-scheme electron transfer pathways, enabling highly effective water purification.
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Effect of Bioactive Glass on PXDDA - PXDDA-co-PLA Nanocomposite for Hard Tissue Reconstruction: Synthesis and Characterization
(Elsevier BV, 2025-05)
Ehsan Vafa
;
Lobat Tayebi
;
Fatemeh Azizli
;
Somayeh Parham
;
Katayoon Rezaeeparto
Newer bone graft materials face various challenges in achieving optimal mechanical strength, bioactivity, and antibacterial action simultaneously, which can result in suboptimal regeneration outcomes and increased infection risks In the present study, we developed a novel nanocomposite of poly (xylitol- co -dodecanedioic acid) (PXDDA) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with 1–10 wt% incorporation of bioactive glass (BG), utilizing a a PXDDA-co-PLA compatibilizer for maintaining homogeneity. Extensive characterization techniques including, Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauere Emmette Teller (BET), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and contact angle measurements, revealed that the addition of BG imparted a microporous, rough surface morphology (with a contact angle of 55–60°), ideal for cell attachment. Mechanical testing demonstrated a significant enhancement with 10 wt% BG, increasing tensile strength by approximately 120 % while reducing elongation. In vitro bioactivity tests indicated that hydroxyapatite deposition depended on BG concentration, reaching a maximum of 96.7 % surface coverage at 10 wt% BG. Antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli confirmed substantial inhibition (approximately 85 % decrease), with saturation occurring at 7 wt% BG. With tunable mechanical properties, enhanced biomineralization, and intrinsic antibacterial capacity, this nanocomposite overcomes the significant limitations of existing bone grafts, providing a clinically viable load-bearing alternative.
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Efficient charge transfer in rheum ribes waste-derived biochar-supported Bi2MoO6 nanocomposites for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics
(Elsevier BV, 2025-11)
Fatemeh Khezri Shooshtari
;
Mohammad Sina Mohtaram
;
Pegah Roohparvarzadeh
;
Mohammad Mahdi Zerafat
;
HESAM, KAMYAB
The sustainable removal of emerging pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous systems has become a critical environmental challenge, demanding the development of efficient and reusable photocatalysts. Herein, a novel Rheum ribes waste-derived biochar supported Bi2MoO6 (Bi2MoO6/BC) nanocomposite was synthesized and systematically evaluated for visible-light-driven tetracycline (TC) degradation. Structural and morphological analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and EDX mapping) confirmed the successful anchoring of ultrathin Bi2MoO6 nanosheets onto a porous conductive biochar matrix, providing abundant surface-active sites. Optical and electrochemical characterizations (UV–Vis DRS, PL, EIS, and photocurrent) demonstrated enhanced visible-light absorption, narrowed band gap, quenched photoluminescence, lower charge-transfer resistance, and higher photocurrent density, all indicative of efficient charge separation. RSM optimization using Design-Expert revealed catalyst dosage, initial concentration, and solution pH as decisive parameters, with optimal conditions (1 g L−1, 20 ppm, pH = 6) yielding degradation efficiencies above 95 %. Radical trapping experiments confirmed •O₂− as the dominant species, with •OH and h+ also contributing, and the synergistic mechanism featuring rapid electron transfer to biochar and the subsequent production of reactive radicals ultimately enabled the complete degradation of TC into CO₂ and H₂O.
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MXenes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives
(Elsevier BV, 2025-10)
Ali Mohammad Amani
;
Lobat Tayebi
;
Ehsan Vafa
;
Mohammad Javad Azizli
;
Milad Abbasi
The appealing charm of two-dimensional (2D) materials has sparked a wave of innovation across diverse scientific domains, particularly in the realm of biomedical and therapeutic applications. Among these remarkable materials, MXenes stand out as transition metal nitrides and carbides endowed with extraordinary properties. Boasting low toxicity, expansive surface area, antibacterial prowess, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and impressive electrical conductivity, MXenes hold immense promise for a myriad of biomedical applications from bioimaging to cancer therapy and beyond. Despite their vast potential, challenges persist in ensuring controlled drug release, stability in physiological milieus, and biodegradability. By harnessing the transformative power of nanomedicine, meticulously crafted MXene ultra-thin nanosheets emerge as versatile inorganic nanosystems primed for diverse biomedical roles. Positioned as optimal candidates for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, MXenes mark a new age of healthcare innovation. This article delves into the latest strides made in leveraging 2D MXenes for cutting-edge regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications while shedding light on the formidable obstacles and promising future vistas awaiting exploration with these extraordinary materials.
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Treatment of metronidazole in wastewater by nano zero-valent iron/copper slag nanocomposite
(Elsevier BV, 2025-10)
Mohammadhashem Shahbazi
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Samad Sabbaghi
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Naghmeh Sadat Mirbagheri
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Rahmatallah Saboori
;
Jeyran Mirhosseininia
In the last two decades, special concern has been focused on certain drugs such as Metronidazole (MNZ) owing to their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. In the current study, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) combined with Copper Slag was utilized for the adsorption of MNZ from an aqueous environment. The proper distribution of nZVI was confirmed by surface morphology analysis using FESEM. In addition, the incorporation of nZVI into Copper Slag led to an approximate 82% increase in BET surface area and a more than 20% rise in iron content according to the EDX result, which together contributed to a 90% improvement in MNZ removal efficiency from aqueous solutions. The optimum conditions (initial MNZ concentration of 27.9 mg/L, adsorbent quantity of 6.8 g/L, contact time of 35.5 min, and an initial pH of 5.04) were attained, demonstrating excellent adsorbent removal efficiency through running the CCD design. The Langmuir isotherm accurately described MNZ adsorption on nZVI/Copper Slag, and kinetic modeling showed that the experimental data fit well with the pseudo-first-order. The adsorption of MNZ onto the adsorbent is spontaneous and exothermic, with ∆G° < 0 and ∆S° < 0, indicating thermodynamic favorability and increased order at the solid–solution interface. Furthermore, it indicated excellent reusability and regeneration performance over six consecutive cycles.
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Emerging nanoparticle-based strategies for advanced cancer imaging and diagnosis
(Elsevier BV, 2025-10-15)
HESAM, KAMYAB
;
Elham Khalili
;
Ali Yuzir
;
Mohammad Mahdi Taheri
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ZAMBRANO ESPINOSA, ANA KARINA
The urgent necessity for early disease diagnosis and detection continues to drive innovation in imaging techniques and contrast agents. Nanoparticle-based bioimaging offers significant potential to enhance therapeutics, treatment management, and cancer diagnostics. In both clinical practice and biomedical research, nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as labeled carriers or biomarkers for tracking immunotherapy responses, contrast-enhancing agents for improved imaging, or signal amplifiers to increase specificity and sensitivity in the visualization of cellular and molecular mechanisms in vivo. The development of advanced imaging probes with controlled biodistribution, heightened sensitivity, improved contrast, multifunctionality, and enhanced temporal and spatial resolution is made possible by the unique chemical, magnetic, and optical properties of nanomaterials. These probes are particularly beneficial, to multi-modal imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). Finally, these characteristics contribute to clinical benefits, including personalized medicine, real-time monitoring of disease progression, AI-based design of nanoparticles (NPs) and earlier detection, addressing current limitations in oncologic imaging. This review highlights promising nanoparticle-based imaging strategies, including radiolabeled nanoparticles for dual/multimodal cancer imaging, bio-conjugated quantum dots (QDs) for in vivo and in vitro diagnosis and imaging, green-synthesized nanoparticles for cancer diagnostics, nanoparticle-enabled molecular imaging strategies for monitoring immunotherapy responses, MXene-based imaging systems, and nanoparticle-assisted image-guided therapies. Collectively, these imaging technologies present novel tools to resolve biological challenges, enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments, and drive clinical translation, which ultimately improve patient outcomes and care.
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Exploring the revolutionary potential of MXene nanoparticles in breast Cancer therapy: A review of applications and future prospects
(Elsevier BV, 2025-04)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Lobat Tayebi
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Ehsan Vafa
;
Reza Bazargan-Lari
;
Milad Abbasi
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for successful treatment and improving patient outcomes. Nanoparticles, such as MXenes, have emerged as a promising tool for various breast cancer applications due to their unique properties. MXenes possess a high surface area and excellent biocompatibility, and can be engineered to enhance targeting ability, as well as mechanical, electrochemical, and optical properties. This review article explores the potential of MXenes in breast cancer detection and treatment, including miRNA detection, MRI-guided photothermal therapy, combined therapy, and immunotherapy. MXenes can be used for miRNA detection, which has shown promise as a biomarker for breast cancer. MXenes can also be used for MRI-guided photothermal therapy, where they can absorb light and convert it into heat to destroy cancer cells. Additionally, MXenes can be used in combination therapy with other drugs to enhance their efficacy. MXenes can also be used for immunotherapy by enhancing the immune response against cancer cells. The article also discusses the future prospects of MXenes in breast cancer research and their cytotoxicity effects. The use of MXenes in breast cancer research is a novel approach with great potential for improving patient outcomes.
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Mxenes as a versatile nanoplatform: Synthesis and emerging biomedical applications
(Elsevier BV, 2025-09-25)
Ali Mohammad Amani
;
Ehsan Vafa
;
Maryam Mirzae
;
Milad Abbasi
;
Ahmad Vaez
Recently, MXenes have garnered significant attention in academic research due to their remarkable structural, electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. New advancements and emerging findings indicate that MXene, classified as a two-dimensional (2D) layered material, exhibits significantly more potential in the field of biomedicine and biotechnology compared to existing nanosystems. These applications include acting as antibacterial agents, biosensor systems, the delivery and loading of drugs, bioimaging, and therapeutic interventions. The unique characteristics of MXenes, such as their significant electrical conductivity, large surface area, low toxicity, magnetism, luminescence, and high biocompatibility, make them highly promising candidates for diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Surface modifications of MXenes exhibit biocompatibility and have multifunctional functions, including the ability to direct ligands towards specific spots for preferential aggregation, hence enabling their utilization in specialized applications. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics, modifications, and synthesis methods of MXene nanomaterials. The present article also delivers a comprehensive assessment of the practical uses of MXene-based nanomaterials in biomedicine, with a particular focus on biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial effects, implants, and multifunctional therapeutic platforms. This paper also presents a discussion of the future prospects and challenges associated with the applications of MXenes in the biomedicine field.

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