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Optimizing fish skin scaffolds for regenerative medicine: A comparative study of physical and chemical decellularization techniques
(Elsevier BV, 2026-05)
Esmat Azizipour
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Hengameh Honarkar
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Reza Yarahmadi
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Ahmad Vaez
;
Mehdi Kian
Fish skin scaffolds have great potential as biocompatible materials for skin regeneration, as they contain high levels of collagen and are structurally similar to the mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we compared the efficiency of physical decellularization with chemical decellularization using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), and Triton X-100 at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) and two time intervals (6 and 12 h). The decellularization efficiency and quality of scaffolds were assessed via histological observations, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, MTT assay to evaluate cytocompatibility, scaffold degradation rate, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Silicone membrane physical decellularization preserves the integrity of the ECM, retains higher levels of GAG (1.5 µg/mm³) and higher levels of fibroblast viability (p < 0.001) and demonstrates limited degradation (< 20% on day 14) compared to chemical decellularization. Chemical decellularization caused some breakdown of the ECM, particularly treatments at 1%-12h, and was able to retain lower levels of GAG (0.5–0.9 µg/mm³) while degrading more (up to 150%). SEM shows the scaffolds from the physical decellularization treatment had a clearer fibrous structure compared to the variable porosity of the chemical treatment.
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Revolutionizing corrosion protection: MXenes as next-generation materials for sustainable and high-performance solutions
(Elsevier BV, 2026-01)
Ehsan Vafa
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Reza Bazarganlari
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Hengameh Honarkar
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Lobat Tayebi
;
Peyman Asadi
Corrosion is a pervasive problem that has spurred the development of innovative materials and technologies aimed at mitigating its impact across industries worldwide. MXenes, a rapidly growing family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as promising candidates for corrosion protection due to their exceptional properties, including high surface area, mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and tunable surface chemistry. This review highlights the diverse applications of MXenes in corrosion science, particularly their use as corrosion-resistant coatings, inhibitors, and sensors. We emphasize the key properties, such as barrier performance, electrochemical activity, and the ability to form protective layers, that make MXenes highly effective in combating corrosion. Specific applications, including their role in composite coatings, self-healing systems, and multifunctional inhibitors in both acidic and alkaline environments, are discussed. Additionally, the potential in electrochemical corrosion monitoring and the mitigation of specific corrosion types, such as pitting and high-temperature corrosion, were explored. While these applications demonstrate promising performance, further research is needed to address challenges related to stability, scalability, and environmental impact. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current MXene-based corrosion protection technologies, aiming to inspire further innovation and advance the practical application of MXenes in addressing one of the most significant challenges in materials science today.
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A comprehensive review on MXene nanostructures for biosensing, imaging, and therapeutic systems
(Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Ehsan Vafa
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Maryam Mirzae
;
Milad Abbasi
;
Ahmad Vaez
Because of their exceptional electrical, mechanical, dimensional, chemical, and magnetic characteristics, MXenes have attracted an abundance of interest in scholarly study lately. According to recent developments and discoveries, MXene, a multilayered compound with a two-dimensional (2D) framework, has a lot greater promise for use in bioengineering and medical research than other nanosystems. These uses encompass medical procedures, administering medications, biosensor technologies, incorporation, antimicrobial agents, and biological imaging. MXenes are very attractive prospects for therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic use because of their distinctive features, which include their substantial conductivity to electricity, magnetic luminescence, wide extent of coverage, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicological profile. Modifications to the MXene surfaces are biocompatible and serve a variety of purposes, such as directing ligands to certain locations for preferred aggregation, which makes them suitable for use in particular applications. A description of the properties, changes, and synthesis techniques of MXene nanostructures is presented in this work. The practical applications of MXene-derived nanostructures in biomedical fields are also thoroughly evaluated in this study, with an emphasis on implants, biosensing, biological imaging, antibacterial activities, and versatile therapeutic systems. The potential opportunities and difficulties related to the use of MXenes throughout the field of biological medicine are also covered in this paper.
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Effect of Bioactive Glass on PXDDA - PXDDA-co-PLA Nanocomposite for Hard Tissue Reconstruction: Synthesis and Characterization
(Elsevier BV, 2025-05)
Ehsan Vafa
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Lobat Tayebi
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Fatemeh Azizli
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Somayeh Parham
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Katayoon Rezaeeparto
Newer bone graft materials face various challenges in achieving optimal mechanical strength, bioactivity, and antibacterial action simultaneously, which can result in suboptimal regeneration outcomes and increased infection risks In the present study, we developed a novel nanocomposite of poly (xylitol- co -dodecanedioic acid) (PXDDA) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with 1–10 wt% incorporation of bioactive glass (BG), utilizing a a PXDDA-co-PLA compatibilizer for maintaining homogeneity. Extensive characterization techniques including, Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauere Emmette Teller (BET), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and contact angle measurements, revealed that the addition of BG imparted a microporous, rough surface morphology (with a contact angle of 55–60°), ideal for cell attachment. Mechanical testing demonstrated a significant enhancement with 10 wt% BG, increasing tensile strength by approximately 120 % while reducing elongation. In vitro bioactivity tests indicated that hydroxyapatite deposition depended on BG concentration, reaching a maximum of 96.7 % surface coverage at 10 wt% BG. Antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli confirmed substantial inhibition (approximately 85 % decrease), with saturation occurring at 7 wt% BG. With tunable mechanical properties, enhanced biomineralization, and intrinsic antibacterial capacity, this nanocomposite overcomes the significant limitations of existing bone grafts, providing a clinically viable load-bearing alternative.
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Biomedical MXene-polymer nanocomposites: advancing photothermal therapy, antibacterial action, and smart drug delivery: a review
(Elsevier BV, 2025-06)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Lobat Tayebi
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Ehsan Vafa
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Mohammad Javad Azizli
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Milad Abbasi
MXenes are hydrophilic, conductive, tunable, and biocompatible two-dimensional ceramic materials prepared by etching the 'A' layer from their precursor MAX phases. Although MXenes show exceptional promise in photothermal therapy, biosensing, and regenerative medicine, they face challenges such as oxidative instability in physiological environments, limited drug-loading capacity, and unpredictable immune responses. To address these limitations, MXene/polymer nanocomposites incorporating both synthetic polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)) and natural biopolymers (e.g., cellulose nanofiber, gelatin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and soybean phospholipids) have been developed. These composites enhance functionality for biomedical applications such as photothermal cancer therapy, biosensors, antibacterial agents, bone regeneration, and targeted drug delivery. The hydrophilic nature of MXenes makes them suitable for transformation into metallic-conductive electrodes, while their compatibility with metals, ceramics, and polymers improves performance in advanced applications. This review paper discusses the properties, synthesis methods, and biomedical applications of MXene/polymer nanocomposites, emphasizing the roles of both synthetic and natural biopolymers. Key achievements include near-infrared (NIR) absorption for efficient drug delivery, anticancer activity, bioimaging, and antimicrobial effects. In addition, the limitations of these nanocomposites and potential solutions are examined.
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Enhancement of mechanical properties in ethylene propylene diene monomer/natural rubber nanocomposites through Ti3C2TX reinforcement and EPDM-g-MAH compatibilization
(Elsevier BV, 2025-08)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Lobat Tayebi
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Katayoon Rezaeeparto
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Somayeh Parham
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Mohammad Javad Azizli
This research explores elastomeric nanocomposites consisting of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber/natural rubber (NR/EPDM) in various ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 phr). The study incorporates EPDM grafted maleic anhydride (EPDM-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer, along with different quantities of Ti3C2TX reinforcement (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 phr). To assess the dispersion and morphology of Ti₃C₂TX reinforcement in the NR/EPDM matrix, this study employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These analyses revealed that, in the presence of EPDM-g-MAH, higher Ti3C2TX concentrations led to rougher fracture surfaces in the samples, indicating the excellent dispersion of Ti3C2TX in the NR/EPDM matrix. The investigation of mechanical and rheological properties demonstrated significant enhancements with increasing Ti3C2TX concentration in conjunction with EPDM-g-MAH. The study further explored the relationships between the nanocomposites' morphology and their theoretical and experimental mechanical properties through Mori-Tanaka analysis and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), respectively. These analyses revealed a strong correlation between theory and experimentation. The mechanical behavior of the composites exhibited notable improvements in tensile strength, hardness, modulus, elongation at break, and fatigue strength with the addition of Ti3C2TX, particularly in the presence of EPDM-g-MAH. Ultimately, our findings highlight the compatibility between theoretical analyses and experimental outcomes, validating the efficacy of Ti3C2TX incorporation in enhancing the properties of nanocomposites.
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MXenes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives
(Elsevier BV, 2025-10)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Lobat Tayebi
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Ehsan Vafa
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Mohammad Javad Azizli
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Milad Abbasi
The appealing charm of two-dimensional (2D) materials has sparked a wave of innovation across diverse scientific domains, particularly in the realm of biomedical and therapeutic applications. Among these remarkable materials, MXenes stand out as transition metal nitrides and carbides endowed with extraordinary properties. Boasting low toxicity, expansive surface area, antibacterial prowess, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and impressive electrical conductivity, MXenes hold immense promise for a myriad of biomedical applications from bioimaging to cancer therapy and beyond. Despite their vast potential, challenges persist in ensuring controlled drug release, stability in physiological milieus, and biodegradability. By harnessing the transformative power of nanomedicine, meticulously crafted MXene ultra-thin nanosheets emerge as versatile inorganic nanosystems primed for diverse biomedical roles. Positioned as optimal candidates for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, MXenes mark a new age of healthcare innovation. This article delves into the latest strides made in leveraging 2D MXenes for cutting-edge regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications while shedding light on the formidable obstacles and promising future vistas awaiting exploration with these extraordinary materials.
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A potentially fruitful path toward a cleaner and safer environment: MXenes uses in environmental remediation
(Elsevier BV, 2025-06-01)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Milad Abbasi
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Atena Najdian
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Farzaneh Mohamadpour
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Seyed Reza Kasaee
The rapid industrialization of the world has resulted in severe environmental pollution, necessitating the development of new materials such as pollution remediation. Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes have emerged as a promising family of materials due to their unique physicochemical properties, making them ideal for environmental remediation. The article sheds light on the new opportunities of MXenes in the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants, including organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, radionuclides, and gas pollutants. MXenes also show excellent performance in photocatalytic degradation, adsorption, and microbial inactivation with environmental safety. Moreover, their application in recovering valuable elements from waste streams is also being explored. While these advances are promising, challenges remain in surface chemistry, semiconducting behavior, interfacial effects, and large-scale synthesis. This review highlights the tremendous potential of MXenes in environmental remediation while also outlining the key challenges that need to be resolved to fully realize MXenes capabilities. By providing this comprehensive survey of MXene-based technologies, the paper stimulates further research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.
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Exploring the revolutionary potential of MXene nanoparticles in breast Cancer therapy: A review of applications and future prospects
(Elsevier BV, 2025-04)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Lobat Tayebi
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Ehsan Vafa
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Reza Bazargan-Lari
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Milad Abbasi
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for successful treatment and improving patient outcomes. Nanoparticles, such as MXenes, have emerged as a promising tool for various breast cancer applications due to their unique properties. MXenes possess a high surface area and excellent biocompatibility, and can be engineered to enhance targeting ability, as well as mechanical, electrochemical, and optical properties. This review article explores the potential of MXenes in breast cancer detection and treatment, including miRNA detection, MRI-guided photothermal therapy, combined therapy, and immunotherapy. MXenes can be used for miRNA detection, which has shown promise as a biomarker for breast cancer. MXenes can also be used for MRI-guided photothermal therapy, where they can absorb light and convert it into heat to destroy cancer cells. Additionally, MXenes can be used in combination therapy with other drugs to enhance their efficacy. MXenes can also be used for immunotherapy by enhancing the immune response against cancer cells. The article also discusses the future prospects of MXenes in breast cancer research and their cytotoxicity effects. The use of MXenes in breast cancer research is a novel approach with great potential for improving patient outcomes.
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Mxenes as a versatile nanoplatform: Synthesis and emerging biomedical applications
(Elsevier BV, 2025-09-25)
Ali Mohammad Amani
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Ehsan Vafa
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Maryam Mirzae
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Milad Abbasi
;
Ahmad Vaez
Recently, MXenes have garnered significant attention in academic research due to their remarkable structural, electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. New advancements and emerging findings indicate that MXene, classified as a two-dimensional (2D) layered material, exhibits significantly more potential in the field of biomedicine and biotechnology compared to existing nanosystems. These applications include acting as antibacterial agents, biosensor systems, the delivery and loading of drugs, bioimaging, and therapeutic interventions. The unique characteristics of MXenes, such as their significant electrical conductivity, large surface area, low toxicity, magnetism, luminescence, and high biocompatibility, make them highly promising candidates for diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Surface modifications of MXenes exhibit biocompatibility and have multifunctional functions, including the ability to direct ligands towards specific spots for preferential aggregation, hence enabling their utilization in specialized applications. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics, modifications, and synthesis methods of MXene nanomaterials. The present article also delivers a comprehensive assessment of the practical uses of MXene-based nanomaterials in biomedicine, with a particular focus on biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial effects, implants, and multifunctional therapeutic platforms. This paper also presents a discussion of the future prospects and challenges associated with the applications of MXenes in the biomedicine field.

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