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Batch cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and simultaneous treatment of restaurant wastewater
(Elsevier BV, 2025-12)
Imran Ahmad
;
Mostafa M. El-Sheekh
;
Norhayati Abdullah
;
HESAM, KAMYAB
;
Koji Iwamoto
Background The rapid growth of restaurants due to the changing lifestyle has imposed unnecessary impacts on environmental sustainability following an increased generation of restaurant wastewater (RWW). RWW contains alarming concentrations of fats, oils, and greases (FOG), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus. Microalgae are known to be able to treat wastewater and provide simultaneous production of biomass and other valuable metabolites (e.g., lipids, proteins, and carotenoids). Numerous studies have been reported on treating various types of wastewater using microalgae. However, studies still need to be reported on treating RWW using microalgae collected from grease traps. Methods This research aims to determine the potential of the freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorella vulgaris) in treating RWW-containing pollutants (COD, BOD, FOG) and nutrients (TN, TP, AN, K) via optimal autotrophic cultivation conditions (i.e., pH, temperature, light intensity, and aeration). Significant Findings The conditions for the batch scale cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris opted as an autotrophic mode with a temperature of 25 °C, aeration of 3 litres per minute supplemented with 3 % CO2 (v/v), and an irradiance range of 80–150 μmol/m2/sec. Maximum specific growth rate and biomass productivity achieved were 0.14 day-1 and 42 mg/l/d, respectively. The maximum pollutant removal efficiency was 98 % for COD, 98.5 % for BOD, 96.8 % for FOG. While the nutrient uptake achieved was 99.7 % for total nitrogen (TN), 99.9 % for ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), 99.9 % for total phosphorus (TP), and 97.8 % for potassium (K). Therefore, this study shall provide an alternative potential solution by proposing treatment using microalgae and cultivating it with RWW. No study has been reported to date using freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris to evaluate its potential in removing pollutants, nutrients, and FOG in RWW collected from GGI. The removal efficiencies indicated that the RWW acclimatised well with Chlorella vulgaris, thus providing an environmentally sustainable and economically viable treatment method.
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Treatment of metronidazole in wastewater by nano zero-valent iron/copper slag nanocomposite
(Elsevier BV, 2025-10)
Mohammadhashem Shahbazi
;
Samad Sabbaghi
;
Naghmeh Sadat Mirbagheri
;
Rahmatallah Saboori
;
Jeyran Mirhosseininia
In the last two decades, special concern has been focused on certain drugs such as Metronidazole (MNZ) owing to their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. In the current study, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) combined with Copper Slag was utilized for the adsorption of MNZ from an aqueous environment. The proper distribution of nZVI was confirmed by surface morphology analysis using FESEM. In addition, the incorporation of nZVI into Copper Slag led to an approximate 82% increase in BET surface area and a more than 20% rise in iron content according to the EDX result, which together contributed to a 90% improvement in MNZ removal efficiency from aqueous solutions. The optimum conditions (initial MNZ concentration of 27.9 mg/L, adsorbent quantity of 6.8 g/L, contact time of 35.5 min, and an initial pH of 5.04) were attained, demonstrating excellent adsorbent removal efficiency through running the CCD design. The Langmuir isotherm accurately described MNZ adsorption on nZVI/Copper Slag, and kinetic modeling showed that the experimental data fit well with the pseudo-first-order. The adsorption of MNZ onto the adsorbent is spontaneous and exothermic, with ∆G° < 0 and ∆S° < 0, indicating thermodynamic favorability and increased order at the solid–solution interface. Furthermore, it indicated excellent reusability and regeneration performance over six consecutive cycles.
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Effective removal of organic substances and nutrients using microgranular sludge in a sequential batch reactor
(Elsevier BV, 2024-03)
Thilagavathi Arumugham
;
Adhi Yuniarto
;
Norhayati Abdullah
;
Ali Yuzir
;
Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
Aerobic microgranular sludge was cultivated in a sequential batch reactor (SBR) under varying aerobic and anaerobic conditions with low dissolved oxygen levels to remove the nutrients and organic substances. The study employed synthetic wastewater from an actual wastewater treatment center (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) as the medium and initial substrate for SBR using seed sludge as the inoculum. The aerobic microgranular sludge occurred gradually over 140 days, transitioning from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. By day 105, granules with a diameter >0.3 mm constituted approximately 50 % of the total biomass, reaching the minimum threshold of 80 % biomass upon implementation of the aeration. The cultivated aerobic microgranular sludge exhibited 1.8 g/L of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) and 85.11 mL/g of sludge volume index (SVI), effectively achieving low effluent concentrations of nitrogen (ammonium, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Nitrification and denitrification processes were observed with average removal efficiencies of 30.24 % for COD, 15.86 % for ammonium nitrogen, and 7.38 % for phosphate. Nitrospira genes enhanced nitrification, while Denitratisoma organisms were primarily responsible for the denitrification. A decrease in Candidatus Accumulibacter and Candidatus Competibacter led to poor phosphorus removal. Overall, the study suggests that small-sized granules demonstrate comparable efficacy to aerobic granular sludge in removing carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus with aerobic microgranular sludge showing the potential for effective nutrient removal in wastewater treatment over extended periods.

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