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Waste-to-energy technologies: a sustainable pathway for resource recovery and materials management
(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2025-07-03)
Ashish Soni
;
Sonu Kumar Gupta
;
Natarajan Rajamohan
;
Mohammad Yusuf
The huge generation of municipal solid waste along with the reliance on natural resources to meet the ever-increasing demand of energy has stimulated the world towards the exploration of novel methods for the recovery of energy and resources by using the generated waste. Despite the numerous advantages of waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies, these techniques are not widely implemented. The review has summarized the various aspects of WtE techniques including advantages and limitations, techno-economic analysis, challenges and prospects, framework and implementation. The review has identified that the WtE techniques are more efficient than conventional waste management practices. The characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) vary with geographical conditions, living standards, socio-economic conditions, etc. Therefore, no particular WtE technique is equally feasible for the treatment of MSW. The strict environmental strategies, policies, and guidelines can assist in selecting the best WtE practice. The thermal treatment methods can effectively reduce the volume of generated waste by up to 90%. Techno-economic analysis has revealed that WtE techniques are economically feasible with suitable measures. The life-cycle assessments have found that WtE techniques can recover up to 27.40% of energy. The food and agriculture waste constitutes 50-56% of the generated waste stream in developing countries thereby highlighting the significance of anaerobic digestion. The implementation of WtE techniques can considerably reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and is beneficial to environmental health. The potential of WtE techniques for effective waste management and promotion of sustainability is underscored. The review contributes to the implementation of more effective measures for MSW management and promotes a circular economy.
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Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass Through Anaerobic Digestion after the Cultivation of the Edible Mushroom Lentinula Edodes and Enzymatic Pretreatment
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-08-07)
O. H. López Balladares
;
D. De la Lama Calvente
;
F. J. Flores-Flor
;
R. Borja
The global scarcity of high-quality protein and food and the imminent effects of climate change have pushed forward scientific efforts to provide sustainable and efficient responses. The use of by-products at industrial facilities has been presented as the most promising alternative to mitigate these global problems. Agricultural byproducts as substrates for the growth of edible food and the subsequent valorization of the non-edible leftovers through anaerobic digestion fulfil this perspective. The aim of this study was, for the first time, to assess the biomethanation potential of four lignocellulosic by-products (sugarcane bagasse, cocoa husks, coconut shells, and rice hulls) used as substrates mixed with an anaerobic digestate for the cultivation of Lentinula edodes. In addition, enzymatic pretreatment by Trichoderma spp. was also investigated. The highest methane yield (129 ± 9 NLCH4 kg− 1VS) and the highest maximum methane production rate (9.8 ± 0.7 NLCH4 kg− 1VS d− 1) were observed for the substrate moistened with the anaerobic digestate and the subsequent enzymatic pretreatment. However, the highest kinetic constants of the first-order model were achieved without enzymatic pretreatment (0.090 and 0.091 d− 1). This study highlights the viability of a closed-loop process where otherwise wasted biomass is used to produce edible mushrooms and biogas, a process embedded in a circular economy model.

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