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Advances and prospects of carbon polymer dots synthesis for chemical, biological, and therapeutic applications: A comprehensive review
(Elsevier BV, 2026-03)
Jennifer Mariam Thomas
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Gowri Suresh
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
Carbon dots (CDs) are a widely studied class of carbon-based nanomaterials, yet their polymeric counterpart, carbon polymer dots (CPDs), remains comparatively underexplored. CPDs are distinguished by their hybrid structure, comprising a carbon core surrounded by polymer frameworks, typically formed through partial carbonization of polymer precursors or small organic molecules. This structure preserves both polymeric and carbon dot properties, conferring superior optical features and enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) relative to fully carbonized CDs or uncarbonized polymer dots. CPDs are typically synthesized through bottom-up approaches, including thermal, hydrothermal, and microwave-assisted carbonization. Their structural and functional characteristics vary considerably depending on the specific synthesis conditions. Their capacity to absorb across the UV–visible–NIR spectrum enables advanced photo-responsive interactions, enhancing their potential in biomedical and biochemical systems. This review highlights CPDs’ synthesis strategies, structural mechanisms, and unique photophysical properties, while also addressing their prospective applications in biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial platforms, and multifunctional therapeutic technologies.
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Exploring the efficiency and scalability of using algae as a biomass feedstock for biofuel production
(Elsevier BV, 2025-08)
Niranjana Karukayil Gopalakrishnan
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Aditi Chaudhary
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Vino Palani
Sustainability is paramount to preserving essential resources for future generations. The widespread use of fossil fuels generates significant pollution, severely impacting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through phenomena such as acid rain. Despite their rapid growth, high photosynthetic efficiency, and ability to thrive in a variety of conditions, algae have become a viable alternative biomass feedstock for biofuel production. This review explores the efficiency and scalability of algae-based biofuels, focusing on key factors such as biomass yield, lipid content, and conversion technologies. Algae have a higher lipid yield compared to traditional biofuel feedstocks such as corn or soybeans, making them an attractive option for large-scale fuel production. However, several obstacles hinder the widespread adoption of algae-based biofuels, including high production costs, energy-intensive cultivation, and water consumption. This paper also examines the efficiency and suitability of various cultivation technologies, including open ponds and photobioreactors, for large-scale production. Algal biofuel production could become more economically viable and environmentally sustainable through the integration of carbon capture technology and wastewater treatment. Advances in genetic engineering and metabolic optimization are further increasing lipid productivity, offering promising prospects for large-scale applications. This review additionally provides an analysis of genetic engineering techniques aimed at increasing biofuel yields. The study emphasizes the potential of algae-based biofuels to serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, highlighting these innovative approaches. While the evaluation acknowledges that algae-based biofuels can reduce dependency on fossil fuels and help mitigate climate change, it also notes that further research and development are necessary to overcome current financial and technological challenges. This review explores the recent advancements in algae cultivation, harvesting techniques, and biofuel extraction processes. Its goal is to present a comprehensive understanding of the current state of algae as a sustainable and effective feedstock for biofuel production, along with future prospects.
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Fungal biopolymer-based nanoparticles for wound healing: Mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives
(Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)
Kaakarlu Shivakumar Vinanthi Rajalakshmi
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Hemanth Hinnakki
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Wen-Chao Liu
Fungal derived biopolymers have emerged as a promising alternative to the existing synthetic materials and have gained heightened interest in wound healing platforms due to their unique properties, such as durability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, low-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and analogy to the native extracellular matrix. Major fungal biopolymers such as chitin, chitosan, β-glucan, mannan, and pullulans offer several biomedical and clinical advantages in wound healing to remodel the injured tissue, making them suitable for accelerating the various phases of wound healing. These biopolymers not only support cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodelling but also serve as effective carriers for controlled drug delivery, enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic agents to accelerate the cellular responses at the wound site. The review also outlines the biological processes involved in various phases of wound healing to provide insight into future explorations in developing optimized wound dressings that ensure maximal reduction of inflammation and allow skin to remodulate. Fungal-mediated nanoparticles and hybrid nanocomposites have further improved the functional performance of wound dressings by providing increased mechanical stability, biocompatibility, and targeted bioactivity. Collectively, these findings highlight the significant role of fungal biopolymer-based nanoparticles as a novel, sustainable, and effective regime for advanced wound management.
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A comprehensive review of microplastic pollution in freshwater and marine environments
(Elsevier BV, 2025-03)
Irene Monica Jaikumar
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Majesh Tomson
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan
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Rathinasamy Baskaran
Water popularly termed the ‘The Elixir of Life’ is now polluted beyond control in several regions. Microplastics, the tiny contaminants have found their way into all walks of life. They have also been found to be present in human blood, multiple organs, and even breast milk. There is an abundance of microplastics in the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. Curbing them has to start with a ban of all forms of primary microplastics, and single use plastics with preference being given to biodegradable alternatives. India in particular banned single use plastics in 2022, which put an end to several commonly used plastic items being replaced with biodegradables. Paint is one of the largest contributors to microplastics, followed by textile industry, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industry, packaging industry are all top contributors to microplastics. The wastewater treatment plants aren't designed to filter microplastics from the source and this results in microplastics polluting all water resources. Though several novel techniques for microplastic segregation exist such as sieving, filtration, density separation, visual sorting, alkali digestion exist, they aren't fully employed as the initial process of microplastic segregation from waste is still in question. ©
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Microplastics distribution and potential health implications of food and food products
(Elsevier BV, 2025-03-01)
Sana Syed Ansar
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Aditi Chaudhary
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Karthika Pushparaj
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Niranjana Karukayil Gopalakrishnan
Microplastics, miniscule plastic fragments ubiquitous in the environment, pose a growing threat as they infiltrate our food chain. This review delves into the contamination of various food categories, including seafood, agricultural products, and even processed foods through packaging and processing methods. Developing reliable analytical techniques to accurately detect microplastics levels within complex food matrices is crucial to gauge the true extent of this contamination. Although the entire range of potential health effects associated with microplastic intake is not yet known, there is reason to be concerned about the risks. These include the potential for microplastics to physically hurt the gastrointestinal tract, exposure to chemicals that seep from the polymers themselves, and the potential for microplastics to act as carriers for other dangerous compounds. This analysis identifies important knowledge gaps about the long-term health effects of microplastics exposure. It highlights the urgent need for more investigation to fully assess the possible dangers connected to microplastics in the food chain. Furthermore, it is imperative that efficient mitigation measures be put in place as soon as possible to protect food safety from microplastics contamination. More cooperation is required to create more stringent laws governing the use of plastic, investigate substitute materials for manufacturing and packaging, and create effective filtering systems for the processing of food and water. Through devoted research to close knowledge gaps and the implementation of strong mitigation strategies, can make proactive efforts to safeguard public health and maintain the integrity of our food supply chain for future generations.
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Navigating green synthesized metal-based nanoparticles as anti-inflammatory agent – Comprehensive review
(Elsevier BV, 2025-02-10)
Sumanth Hegde
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Ridhika Paul
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M Jayalakshmi
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Aatika Nizam
The biosynthesis of nanomaterials is a vast and expanding field of study due to their applications in a variety of fields, particularly the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Various synthetic routes, including physical and chemical methods, have been developed in order to generate metal nanoparticles (NPs) with definite shapes and sizes. In this review, focused on the recent advancements in the green synthetic methods for the generation of silver, zinc and copper NPs with simple and eco-friendly approaches and the potential of the biosynthesized metal and metal oxide NPs as alternative and therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is a body's own defense mechanism that can become chronic inflammation affecting healthy cells. Owning to the size-based advantages of NPs which can mitigate in theses medical conditions and serve as anti-inflammatory drugs. The factors influencing their physicochemical properties, toxicity, biocompatibility and mode of action to formulate an effective nanomedicine in the treatment of inflammation.
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Bioactive nanoparticles derived from marine brown seaweeds and their biological applications: a review
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-06-10)
Juhi Puthukulangara Jaison
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Jaya Gangwar
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Manikantan Pappuswamy
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Arun Meyyazhagan
The biosynthesis of novel nanoparticles with varied morphologies, which has good implications for their biological capabilities, has attracted increasing attention in the field of nanotechnology. Bioactive compounds present in the extract of fungi, bacteria, plants and algae are responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. In comparison to other biological resources, brown seaweeds can also be useful to convert metal ions to metal nanoparticles because of the presence of richer bioactive chemicals. Carbohydrates, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, pigments, and secondary metabolites in brown seaweeds act as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle’s synthesis. There are around 2000 species of seaweed that dominate marine resources, but only a few have been reported for nanoparticle synthesis. The presence of bioactive chemicals in the biosynthesized metal nanoparticles confers biological activity. The biosynthesized metal and non-metal nanoparticles from brown seaweeds possess different biological activities because of their different physiochemical properties. Compared with terrestrial resources, marine resources are not much explored for nanoparticle synthesis. To confirm their morphology, characterization methods are used, such as absorption spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. This review attempts to include the vital role of brown seaweed in the synthesis of metal and non-metal nanoparticles, as well as the method of synthesis and biological applications such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other functions. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.).
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A review on ethanol tolerance mechanisms in yeast: Current knowledge in biotechnological applications and future directions
(Elsevier BV, 2024-03)
Gandasi Ravikumar Sahana
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Kadanthottu Sebastian Joseph
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Manikantan Pappuswamy
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Wen-Chao Liu
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the prominent strains in the brewing and bioethanol industries and has been used for many industrial purposes for ages. Though the organism is an outstanding ethanol producer, the major limiting factor is the stress the organism undergoes during fermentation. One of the significant stresses is the ethanol stress, created by ethanol accumulation in the medium. The ethanol starts to interact with the yeast cell membrane; further, as ethanol concentration increases, it affects a lot of cell organelles. Thereby, cellular activities get disrupted, causing cell death and hence reducing ethanol production. The organism has developed many strategies to overcome this stress by activating the stress response pathway, which regulates many genes involved in modifying the cell membrane cell wall, renaturation of proteins, and altering the metabolism. However, with higher ethanol concentrations, the yeast cells will be unable to tolerate, leading to cell death. Hence, to minimize cell death at higher ethanol concentrations, there is a need to understand the effect of ethanol and its response by the organism; this helps improve the ethanol tolerance of the organism and, thereby, ethanol production. Although many research works are carried out to understand the vital aspect of the tolerance and are reported, very few review papers cover all these points. Hence, this review is designed to include information on all the elements of ethanol tolerance, i.e., ethanol tolerance of different strains of S. cerevisiae, the effect of ethanol on the yeast cells, the mechanism used to tolerate the ethanol, and various techniques developed to improve the ethanol tolerance of the yeast cells.
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Appraisal of the potential of endophytic bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from Alternanthera philoxeroides: A triple approach to heavy metal bioremediation, diesel biodegradation, and biosurfactant production
(Elsevier BV, 2024-10)
Soma Biswas
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Saranya Jayaram
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Indhu Philip
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Manikantan Pappuswamy
Endophytic microbes have been associated with many positive traits due to their endurance mechanisms. The current study was designed at exploring the potential of the endophytic bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MEBAphL4 isolated from Alternanthera philoxeroides for biosurfactant production and bioremediation efficiency. This endophyte, isolated from the polluted Madiwala lake in Bangalore, displayed elevated resistance to Cr and Pb till 2000 mg/L. The metal removal efficiency was found to be higher for Cr (25.7 %) at pH 6 and for Pb (92.3 %) at pH 9. Further, the present study also describes biosurfactant production with good emulsification ability (E24-52 %) and stability over a range of pH (8−12), temperature (20–40°C) and salinity (5–15 %). Biosurfactant production was enhanced 1.18-fold using the Response Surface Methodology approach and characterised by Fourier Transformation Infra-red Spectroscopy and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry showing the presence of lipopeptides, fengycin, iturin and surfactin of molecular weights 1463.65, 1043.44 and 1012.56 Da respectively. The potential application of the biosurfactant in degrading various hydrocarbons was evaluated, demonstrating its effectiveness in bioremediation of oil-contaminated sites. Specifically, diesel biodegradation was measured at 56.46±0.95 %. These findings underscore the potential of B. amyloliquefaciens in environmental applications such as heavy metal biosorption and the bioremediation of contaminated sites, particularly those affected by oil spills and correlates to UN SDG6 of clean water and sanitation.

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