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Microdroplet Systems for Gene Transfer: From Fundamentals to Future Perspectives
(MDPI AG, 2025-10-31)
Criollo, Mishell
;
Gina Layedra
;
Camilo Pérez Sosa
;
Gustavo Rosero
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PEÑAHERRERA PAZMIÑO, ANA BELÉN
Microfluidics enables precise control of fluid movement within microchannels, facilitating the generation of microdroplets at high frequencies. This technology provides a unique platform for conducting biological and chemical experiments, enhancing throughput and sensitivity, particularly in single-cell analysis. The microdroplet environment enhances interactions between cells and gene delivery materials, resulting in greater contact area, higher reagent concentration, and improved diffusion for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of transfection and transformation within microdroplet technologies, highlighting their potential to improve gene editing efficiency while addressing challenges related to delivery mechanisms and cellular uptake rates. The integration of microdroplet technology with advanced gene editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, promises to streamline processes and improve outcomes in various applications, including therapeutic interventions, vaccine development, regenerative medicine, and personalized medicine. These advancements could lead to more precise targeting of genetic modifications, resulting in tailored therapies that better meet individual patient needs. Overall, the integration of gene delivery in microdroplets represents a significant leap in biotechnology, enhancing the efficacy of gene delivery systems and opening new avenues for research and development in precision medicine.
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Phytochemical nanoencapsulation and microfluidics drive gene and tumor microenvironment modulation
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-09-29)
PEÑAHERRERA PAZMIÑO, ANA BELÉN
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Criollo, Mishell
;
GONZALEZ PASTOR, REBECA EUGENIA
Phytochemicals are plant-derived bioactive compounds with promising anticancer properties, but their clinical use is limited by poor solubility, instability, rapid metabolism, and restricted tumor penetration. Nanoencapsulation strategies address these barriers by enhancing bioavailability, stability, and tissue-specific delivery, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity. This mini-review summarizes recent progress in nanoscale phytochemical delivery systems engineered for gene modulation and tumor microenvironment targeting, including lipid-based, polymeric, hybrid, and biogenic nanocarriers that improve biodistribution and enhance cellular uptake. Notably, the functional performance of nanoscale delivery systems depends on precisely controlled physicochemical characteristics. Consequently, microfluidics has emerged as a powerful tool to fine-tune and fabricate phytochemical-based nanocarriers in a reproducible manner. Beyond fabrication, microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms recreate physiological and tumor-specific microenvironments, providing dynamic, real-time assessment of drug transport, metabolism, and tumor–vascular interactions in biomimetic conditions that surpass conventional static models. These innovations expand mechanistic understanding and support more predictive preclinical evaluations. Remaining challenges include variability of natural sources, limited pharmacokinetic and toxicological data, and hurdles in scale-up and standardization. By integrating nanoscale engineering with microfluidic innovation, phytochemical-based nanomedicine is positioned to advance toward more effective, safer, and clinically translatable cancer therapies.

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