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Integrated management of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) in soybean: Current strategies and the emerging role of β-glucosidase
(Elsevier BV, 2026-01)
Elham Khalili
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HESAM, KAMYAB
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is a destructive, globally distributed soil-borne fungus responsible for charcoal rot and significant yield losses across diverse crops. Effective management remains challenging due to its wide host range, long survival of sclerotia, and adaptability to varied environments. This review synthesizes current knowledge on strategies for controlling M. phaseolina. Traditional agronomic practices such as crop rotation, tillage, and soil solarization are discussed alongside genetic resistance, although host resistance is often incomplete and environmentally influenced. Chemical control using fungicides has been tested, but effectiveness is inconsistent, and no fungicides are registered specifically against M. phaseolina due to its resilient sclerotia. Biological control agents, including antagonistic fungi (e.g., Trichoderma spp.) and bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas), as well as botanicals and plant-derived compounds, represent promising, environmental friendly alternatives. Recent advances highlight the potential of enzyme-based and molecular approaches, particularly β-glucosidase from T. harzianum, genome editing, and nanotechnology, though these remain largely experimental. Overall, integrated management combining cultural, biological, and innovative molecular tools appears to be the most sustainable path forward. This review provides a consolidated resource for researchers and agronomists seeking to develop environmental friendly and cost-effective strategies against charcoal rot.
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Advances and prospects of carbon polymer dots synthesis for chemical, biological, and therapeutic applications: A comprehensive review
(Elsevier BV, 2026-03)
Jennifer Mariam Thomas
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Gowri Suresh
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
Carbon dots (CDs) are a widely studied class of carbon-based nanomaterials, yet their polymeric counterpart, carbon polymer dots (CPDs), remains comparatively underexplored. CPDs are distinguished by their hybrid structure, comprising a carbon core surrounded by polymer frameworks, typically formed through partial carbonization of polymer precursors or small organic molecules. This structure preserves both polymeric and carbon dot properties, conferring superior optical features and enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) relative to fully carbonized CDs or uncarbonized polymer dots. CPDs are typically synthesized through bottom-up approaches, including thermal, hydrothermal, and microwave-assisted carbonization. Their structural and functional characteristics vary considerably depending on the specific synthesis conditions. Their capacity to absorb across the UV–visible–NIR spectrum enables advanced photo-responsive interactions, enhancing their potential in biomedical and biochemical systems. This review highlights CPDs’ synthesis strategies, structural mechanisms, and unique photophysical properties, while also addressing their prospective applications in biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial platforms, and multifunctional therapeutic technologies.
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Synthesis and therapeutic potential of copper oxide nanoparticles from endophytic fungi: anti-cancer activities and mechanisms
(Elsevier BV, 2025-08)
Sruthi Radhakrishnan
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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S. Kavibharath
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Nivethitha Thangaraj
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Deepak Paramasivam
Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) contain medicinal properties and are an essential component of the next generation due to their unique properties. CuONPs have a vital role in therapeutics, especially for cancer treatment. This study's main focus was synthesizing the CuONPs and assessing the anti-cancer activity, including the in vitro anti-angiogenesis and cytotoxicity analyses. CuONPs are synthesized using the enzymatic suspension of endophytic fungal strains FCSRL3 and FCPRS11 isolated from the Azadirachta indica grown in a minimal medium at optimum pH 7.2. About 14 different endophytic fungi confined from the neem tree, and the antagonistic and antioxidant properties were evaluated. The efficient FCSRL3 and FCPRS11 were identified as Aspergillus sydowi and Aspergillus versicolor at a molecular level. The synthesized CuONPs from two fungi were confirmed through characterization determination using SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, and XRD analyses. CuONPs revealed maximum antibacterial, antimycotic, and antioxidant activities at minimum concentration, exerting the highest bioactive properties. The anti-angiogenic activity of the CuONPs from two different fungal strains exhibited maximum inhibition of blood vessels in chick embryos, and the assessment was performed using HET-CAM. The outcomes of this research demonstrate the notable role of CuONPs in cancer remedies.
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Exploring the efficiency and scalability of using algae as a biomass feedstock for biofuel production
(Elsevier BV, 2025-08)
Niranjana Karukayil Gopalakrishnan
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Aditi Chaudhary
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Vino Palani
Sustainability is paramount to preserving essential resources for future generations. The widespread use of fossil fuels generates significant pollution, severely impacting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through phenomena such as acid rain. Despite their rapid growth, high photosynthetic efficiency, and ability to thrive in a variety of conditions, algae have become a viable alternative biomass feedstock for biofuel production. This review explores the efficiency and scalability of algae-based biofuels, focusing on key factors such as biomass yield, lipid content, and conversion technologies. Algae have a higher lipid yield compared to traditional biofuel feedstocks such as corn or soybeans, making them an attractive option for large-scale fuel production. However, several obstacles hinder the widespread adoption of algae-based biofuels, including high production costs, energy-intensive cultivation, and water consumption. This paper also examines the efficiency and suitability of various cultivation technologies, including open ponds and photobioreactors, for large-scale production. Algal biofuel production could become more economically viable and environmentally sustainable through the integration of carbon capture technology and wastewater treatment. Advances in genetic engineering and metabolic optimization are further increasing lipid productivity, offering promising prospects for large-scale applications. This review additionally provides an analysis of genetic engineering techniques aimed at increasing biofuel yields. The study emphasizes the potential of algae-based biofuels to serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, highlighting these innovative approaches. While the evaluation acknowledges that algae-based biofuels can reduce dependency on fossil fuels and help mitigate climate change, it also notes that further research and development are necessary to overcome current financial and technological challenges. This review explores the recent advancements in algae cultivation, harvesting techniques, and biofuel extraction processes. Its goal is to present a comprehensive understanding of the current state of algae as a sustainable and effective feedstock for biofuel production, along with future prospects.
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Green nanoparticles in agriculture: Enhancing crop growth and stress tolerance
(Elsevier BV, 2025-12)
Jiang YingYing
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Sungkwon Park
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Asha Anand
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Arun Meyyazhagan
The rapid rise in demand for sustainable agriculture has fueled interest in innovative, eco-friendly approaches to enhance productivity amid climate change and environmental stressors. Among recent advances, green nanoparticles, nanomaterials synthesised via biological routes, have emerged as promising agents for promoting crop productivity and mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant-mediated nanoparticles, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, have highlighted their roles as a promising alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers and pesticides, due to their superior effectiveness, minimal toxicity, and eco-friendly nature. The physicochemical properties and the mechanisms by which green nanoparticles improve nutrient use efficiency, stimulate plant hormonal dynamics, and bolster antioxidative defense systems. The impacts of green nanoparticles on germination, root and shoot elongation, photosynthetic efficiency, and nutrient assimilation are well discussed, showcasing their potential in yield enhancement and vegetative growth. Furthermore, this review also elucidates their function in modulating oxidative stress, activating defense pathways, and conferring tolerance against drought, salinity, heavy metals, and pathogen attacks by influencing plant physiological, molecular, and metabolic responses. By integrating recent findings, this review highlights the dual advantage of green nanoparticles: enhancing crop productivity while minimizing environmental footprint. The challenges related to nanoparticle biosafety, large-scale application, and regulatory frameworks are also addressed. The article concludes by outlining future research directions aimed at harnessing green nanotechnology to achieve sustainable crop production and global food security.
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Fungal biopolymer-based nanoparticles for wound healing: Mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives
(Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)
Kaakarlu Shivakumar Vinanthi Rajalakshmi
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Hemanth Hinnakki
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Wen-Chao Liu
Fungal derived biopolymers have emerged as a promising alternative to the existing synthetic materials and have gained heightened interest in wound healing platforms due to their unique properties, such as durability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, low-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and analogy to the native extracellular matrix. Major fungal biopolymers such as chitin, chitosan, β-glucan, mannan, and pullulans offer several biomedical and clinical advantages in wound healing to remodel the injured tissue, making them suitable for accelerating the various phases of wound healing. These biopolymers not only support cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodelling but also serve as effective carriers for controlled drug delivery, enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic agents to accelerate the cellular responses at the wound site. The review also outlines the biological processes involved in various phases of wound healing to provide insight into future explorations in developing optimized wound dressings that ensure maximal reduction of inflammation and allow skin to remodulate. Fungal-mediated nanoparticles and hybrid nanocomposites have further improved the functional performance of wound dressings by providing increased mechanical stability, biocompatibility, and targeted bioactivity. Collectively, these findings highlight the significant role of fungal biopolymer-based nanoparticles as a novel, sustainable, and effective regime for advanced wound management.
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Microplastics distribution and potential health implications of food and food products
(Elsevier BV, 2025-03-01)
Sana Syed Ansar
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Aditi Chaudhary
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Karthika Pushparaj
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Niranjana Karukayil Gopalakrishnan
Microplastics, miniscule plastic fragments ubiquitous in the environment, pose a growing threat as they infiltrate our food chain. This review delves into the contamination of various food categories, including seafood, agricultural products, and even processed foods through packaging and processing methods. Developing reliable analytical techniques to accurately detect microplastics levels within complex food matrices is crucial to gauge the true extent of this contamination. Although the entire range of potential health effects associated with microplastic intake is not yet known, there is reason to be concerned about the risks. These include the potential for microplastics to physically hurt the gastrointestinal tract, exposure to chemicals that seep from the polymers themselves, and the potential for microplastics to act as carriers for other dangerous compounds. This analysis identifies important knowledge gaps about the long-term health effects of microplastics exposure. It highlights the urgent need for more investigation to fully assess the possible dangers connected to microplastics in the food chain. Furthermore, it is imperative that efficient mitigation measures be put in place as soon as possible to protect food safety from microplastics contamination. More cooperation is required to create more stringent laws governing the use of plastic, investigate substitute materials for manufacturing and packaging, and create effective filtering systems for the processing of food and water. Through devoted research to close knowledge gaps and the implementation of strong mitigation strategies, can make proactive efforts to safeguard public health and maintain the integrity of our food supply chain for future generations.
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Navigating green synthesized metal-based nanoparticles as anti-inflammatory agent – Comprehensive review
(Elsevier BV, 2025-02-10)
Sumanth Hegde
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Ridhika Paul
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M Jayalakshmi
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Aatika Nizam
The biosynthesis of nanomaterials is a vast and expanding field of study due to their applications in a variety of fields, particularly the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Various synthetic routes, including physical and chemical methods, have been developed in order to generate metal nanoparticles (NPs) with definite shapes and sizes. In this review, focused on the recent advancements in the green synthetic methods for the generation of silver, zinc and copper NPs with simple and eco-friendly approaches and the potential of the biosynthesized metal and metal oxide NPs as alternative and therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is a body's own defense mechanism that can become chronic inflammation affecting healthy cells. Owning to the size-based advantages of NPs which can mitigate in theses medical conditions and serve as anti-inflammatory drugs. The factors influencing their physicochemical properties, toxicity, biocompatibility and mode of action to formulate an effective nanomedicine in the treatment of inflammation.
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Process development of guava leaves with alkali in removal of zinc ions from synthetic wastewater
(Elsevier BV, 2023-12)
Chanda Sireesha
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Kaliannan Durairaj
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Shanmugam Sumithra
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Rajendran Subha
Background: This research investigation delves into the efficient removal of zinc ions from synthetic wastewater through the utilization of KOH treated guava leaves as an adsorbent. The study employs advanced analytical techniques including SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET analysis to characterize the physicochemical properties of the treated guava leaves. The research extensively explores the impact of various experimental factors on the adsorption process, encompassing agitation time, adsorbent dosage, pH levels, and desorption, to identify optimal conditions for maximum Zn (II) ion removal. Methods: The research methodology involves subjecting guava leaves treated with KOH to thorough analysis using SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET techniques to gain insights into their physical and chemical attributes. The study systematically investigates the adsorption process by manipulating crucial parameters such as agitation time, adsorbent dosage, and pH levels. Different isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich are applied to comprehend the adsorption mechanism. Additionally, kinetic calculations are performed, leading to the determination that the pseudo-second-order model best fits the removal of zinc metal. Significant Findings: The research uncovers essential findings regarding the efficacy of KOH treated guava leaves as an adsorbent for zinc ions. Optimum conditions are pH 3 are identified, an adsorbent dosage of 100 mg/L, and an equilibrium period of 20 min, resulting in peak efficiency of the adsorption process. The study reveals an adsorption capacity of 14.5 mg/g for the studied metal, emphasizing the potential of KOH treated guava leaves as an efficient adsorbent for zinc ions. The adsorption capacity is 5.1 mg/g for the untreated guava leaves. The findings underscore the feasibility of utilizing this eco-friendly approach for wastewater management, thereby contributing to environmental remediation and pollution control efforts. The research highlights the practical application of KOH treated guava leaves in wastewater treatment processes, advocating for further exploration and optimization of this sustainable solution to address heavy metal contamination and promote greener technologies for water purification and waste management.
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Bioactive nanoparticles derived from marine brown seaweeds and their biological applications: a review
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-06-10)
Juhi Puthukulangara Jaison
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Jaya Gangwar
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Manikantan Pappuswamy
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Arun Meyyazhagan
The biosynthesis of novel nanoparticles with varied morphologies, which has good implications for their biological capabilities, has attracted increasing attention in the field of nanotechnology. Bioactive compounds present in the extract of fungi, bacteria, plants and algae are responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. In comparison to other biological resources, brown seaweeds can also be useful to convert metal ions to metal nanoparticles because of the presence of richer bioactive chemicals. Carbohydrates, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, pigments, and secondary metabolites in brown seaweeds act as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle’s synthesis. There are around 2000 species of seaweed that dominate marine resources, but only a few have been reported for nanoparticle synthesis. The presence of bioactive chemicals in the biosynthesized metal nanoparticles confers biological activity. The biosynthesized metal and non-metal nanoparticles from brown seaweeds possess different biological activities because of their different physiochemical properties. Compared with terrestrial resources, marine resources are not much explored for nanoparticle synthesis. To confirm their morphology, characterization methods are used, such as absorption spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. This review attempts to include the vital role of brown seaweed in the synthesis of metal and non-metal nanoparticles, as well as the method of synthesis and biological applications such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other functions. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.).

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