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Author: search.filters.author.Mohammad Rehan

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    Exploitation of clean energy potential of agricultural residue for a sustainable carbon neutral future
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-01)
    Muhammad Amir Raza
    ;
    Mohammad Rehan
    ;
    Muhammad Mohsin Aman
    ;
    Muhammad Farooq
    ;
    Abdul-Sattar Nizami
    Pakistan is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which constitute a significant portion of its energy mix with 48% from natural gas, 33% from furnace oil and only 7% from indigenous renewables, impacting economic activities and environmental sustaianability. Hence, agriculture waste offers enormous potential for the production of renewable energy, but it is not yet fully utilized. In order to estimate Pakistan’s potential for energy production from 2023 to 2053, a forecast model incorporating historical trends in agricultural yield has been developed in the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP®) software and put into practice for agricultural residue-based biomass resource assessment of six primary agricultural residue (bagasse, rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, cotton straw and rice husk). It was discovered that Pakistan would have access to approximately 54 million tons of agricultural waste for the purpose of generating electricity in 2023, which translates to a potential capacity of almost 15 GW. By 2053, there will be 135 million tonnes of agricultural residue and renewable energy potential is expected to gradually rise up to 35 GW. Furthermore, the capital cost of implanting a power system based on agriculture residue will increase from 134.250 million US dollars in 2023 to 313.250 million US dollars till 2053. Agricultural residue represents a valuable resource that can enhance soil health, provide renewable energy, and create economic opportunities. Accordingly, this study provides sustainable and affordable forecasting of agricultural residue based clean energy potential and it is suggested to adopt the sustainable practices for recycling agricultural residues, that helps to mitigate environmental impacts while maximizing benefits for agricultural productivity and energy security.
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    Sustainable valorization of leachate at Lakhodair landfill, Lahore: An integrated life cycle environmental and economic assessment of biogas production
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
    Mehak Saghir
    ;
    Aqsa Ayub
    ;
    Abdul-Sattar Nizami
    ;
    Mujtaba Baqar
    ;
    HESAM, KAMYAB  
    The rapid growth of the human population has led to a significant increase in municipal solid waste (MSW), which is projected to reach 2.2 billion tons per year by the end of 2025. This has caused a problem with landfill leachate. Biogas production from landfill leachate offers a sustainable solution to mitigate environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater contamination, while recovering clean energy and valuable resources from waste. This study simulates and assesses the environmental and economic benefits of biogas production from leachate using a life-cycle assessment (LCA) framework. The environmental impacts were evaluated using the LCA methodology and the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint (H) approach, which comprises 18 different environmental categories. Midpoint results revealed that terrestrial eco-toxicity, climate change, and fossil depletion were the main impact categories that potentially contributed to 3.63 × 101 kg 1,4-DB eq., 5.37 × 102 kg CO2 eq., and 1.83 × 101 kg oil eq., respectively, for 1 m3 of biogas production. Scenario modeling was performed by replacing the power source with a solar cell rather than grid electricity. Shifting to solar energy resulted in a GWP of 535 kg CO2 equivalent and an FDP of 18 kg oil equivalent per m3 of biogas production. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were conducted to evaluate environmental performance, with electricity and other inputs identified as key drivers of environmental impact. Financial analysis of 1300 m3 biogas plant reveals strong economic performance, with annual revenue of USD 651,495.98 and operational expenditures of USD 541,352.98. The project's profitability is underscored by a 2-year payback period, a positive NPV of 6,372,112.71, and an IRR of 34.53 %. While external costs, including USD 15.75 per m3 for emissions management, are notable, the environmental benefits of reduced leachate problems and electricity generation support the project's viability. This study provides policymakers, waste management practitioners, and stakeholders with valuable insights into reducing environmental impacts while increasing resource recovery from waste streams. This research aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 6, 7, 11, 14, and 15, by advancing clean energy, promoting economic growth, fostering sustainable communities, and enhancing environmental protection.
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    Municipal solid waste gasification for resilient energy systems: advancing sustainable crisis preparedness in the wake of COVID-19
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2025-11-07)
    Mohammad Rehan
    ;
    Khurram Shahzad
    ;
    Nadeem Ali
    ;
    Abdul-Sattar Nizami
    The pandemic increased global waste problems, especially medical and MSW (Municipal Solid Waste), showing the urgent need for sustainability. This research evaluates the environmental and economic sustainability of transforming MSW into syngas and electricity via gasification, using life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis. This research simulates syngas production and energy recovery for a 50-ton-per-day gasification plant, with a focus on waste disposal in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The LCA findings reveal substantial overall reductions in environmental impacts, with a climate change benefit of −100 kg CO eq. per ton of waste processed, alongside offsets in fossil depletion (−32.5 kg oil eq.) and particulate matter formation (−0.025 kg PM2.5 eq.). Financially, the system is sound, generating $516,474 yearly, with a 4.8-year return and 208% return on investment (ROI). The research supports various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 7, SDG 12, and SDG 13, while also addressing waste issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pilot-scale validation is necessary to address real-world variability when relying on simulated data. The results support gasification as a robust, circular technology for enhancing general MSW management resilience, providing policymakers with a path for transitioning MSW waste to energy in cities and during emergencies.
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    Advancing sustainable bioethanol production from organic waste by integrating life cycle modeling
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-12)
    Khadija Sajid
    ;
    Muhammad Hassan Javed
    ;
    Ala'a H. Al-Muhtaseb
    ;
    Mohammad Rehan
    ;
    Mohammad Ilyas Khan
    This study aims to optimize the environmental and economic benefits of producing bioethanol from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Pakistan. The country generates approximately 71,000 kg of OFMSW annually, yet no facility currently exists for its conversion into bioethanol. Leveraging the availability of OFMSW, this study designs a bioethanol production plant and evaluates its environmental sustainability through an attributional life cycle assessment using the ReCiPe (H) model. Results indicate that 154 kg of bioethanol can be produced from every 1 ton of organic waste. Compared to current landfilling practices, bioethanol production from OFMSW demonstrates lower environmental burdens, including climate change potential (3.05E-05 kg CO₂ eq), photochemical ozone formation (132 kg NOx eq), human toxicity (13.6 kg 1,4-DB eq), eutrophication potential (10.9 kg P eq), ozone depletion potential (0.0111 kg CFC-11 eq), and acidification potential (−5.39E-03 kg SO₂ eq). Scenario modelling assessed the integration of photovoltaic solar cells for electricity supply, showing a reduction in fine particulate matter emissions from 67.8 kg to 0.766 kg PM₂.₅ eq compared to grid electricity. Hotspot analysis identified key impact categories contributing to environmental burdens. The economic assessment revealed an annual revenue potential of approximately USD 528,330 from bioethanol sales. Overall, producing bioethanol from OFMSW presents a viable alternative fuel pathway that is both environmentally and economically beneficial, reduces landfill dependency, and supports the principles of a circular economy. This strategy contributes directly to achieving key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including responsible consumption and production, affordable clean energy, and climate action.