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Advances and prospects of carbon polymer dots synthesis for chemical, biological, and therapeutic applications: A comprehensive review
(Elsevier BV, 2026-03)
Jennifer Mariam Thomas
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
;
Gowri Suresh
;
Arun Meyyazhagan
;
Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
Carbon dots (CDs) are a widely studied class of carbon-based nanomaterials, yet their polymeric counterpart, carbon polymer dots (CPDs), remains comparatively underexplored. CPDs are distinguished by their hybrid structure, comprising a carbon core surrounded by polymer frameworks, typically formed through partial carbonization of polymer precursors or small organic molecules. This structure preserves both polymeric and carbon dot properties, conferring superior optical features and enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) relative to fully carbonized CDs or uncarbonized polymer dots. CPDs are typically synthesized through bottom-up approaches, including thermal, hydrothermal, and microwave-assisted carbonization. Their structural and functional characteristics vary considerably depending on the specific synthesis conditions. Their capacity to absorb across the UV–visible–NIR spectrum enables advanced photo-responsive interactions, enhancing their potential in biomedical and biochemical systems. This review highlights CPDs’ synthesis strategies, structural mechanisms, and unique photophysical properties, while also addressing their prospective applications in biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial platforms, and multifunctional therapeutic technologies.
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Green nanoparticles in agriculture: Enhancing crop growth and stress tolerance
(Elsevier BV, 2025-12)
Jiang YingYing
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Sungkwon Park
;
Asha Anand
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Arun Meyyazhagan
The rapid rise in demand for sustainable agriculture has fueled interest in innovative, eco-friendly approaches to enhance productivity amid climate change and environmental stressors. Among recent advances, green nanoparticles, nanomaterials synthesised via biological routes, have emerged as promising agents for promoting crop productivity and mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant-mediated nanoparticles, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, have highlighted their roles as a promising alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers and pesticides, due to their superior effectiveness, minimal toxicity, and eco-friendly nature. The physicochemical properties and the mechanisms by which green nanoparticles improve nutrient use efficiency, stimulate plant hormonal dynamics, and bolster antioxidative defense systems. The impacts of green nanoparticles on germination, root and shoot elongation, photosynthetic efficiency, and nutrient assimilation are well discussed, showcasing their potential in yield enhancement and vegetative growth. Furthermore, this review also elucidates their function in modulating oxidative stress, activating defense pathways, and conferring tolerance against drought, salinity, heavy metals, and pathogen attacks by influencing plant physiological, molecular, and metabolic responses. By integrating recent findings, this review highlights the dual advantage of green nanoparticles: enhancing crop productivity while minimizing environmental footprint. The challenges related to nanoparticle biosafety, large-scale application, and regulatory frameworks are also addressed. The article concludes by outlining future research directions aimed at harnessing green nanotechnology to achieve sustainable crop production and global food security.
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Fungal biopolymer-based nanoparticles for wound healing: Mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives
(Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)
Kaakarlu Shivakumar Vinanthi Rajalakshmi
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Hemanth Hinnakki
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Arun Meyyazhagan
;
Wen-Chao Liu
Fungal derived biopolymers have emerged as a promising alternative to the existing synthetic materials and have gained heightened interest in wound healing platforms due to their unique properties, such as durability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, low-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and analogy to the native extracellular matrix. Major fungal biopolymers such as chitin, chitosan, β-glucan, mannan, and pullulans offer several biomedical and clinical advantages in wound healing to remodel the injured tissue, making them suitable for accelerating the various phases of wound healing. These biopolymers not only support cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodelling but also serve as effective carriers for controlled drug delivery, enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic agents to accelerate the cellular responses at the wound site. The review also outlines the biological processes involved in various phases of wound healing to provide insight into future explorations in developing optimized wound dressings that ensure maximal reduction of inflammation and allow skin to remodulate. Fungal-mediated nanoparticles and hybrid nanocomposites have further improved the functional performance of wound dressings by providing increased mechanical stability, biocompatibility, and targeted bioactivity. Collectively, these findings highlight the significant role of fungal biopolymer-based nanoparticles as a novel, sustainable, and effective regime for advanced wound management.
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A comprehensive review of microplastic pollution in freshwater and marine environments
(Elsevier BV, 2025-03)
Irene Monica Jaikumar
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Majesh Tomson
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Arun Meyyazhagan
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Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan
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Rathinasamy Baskaran
Water popularly termed the ‘The Elixir of Life’ is now polluted beyond control in several regions. Microplastics, the tiny contaminants have found their way into all walks of life. They have also been found to be present in human blood, multiple organs, and even breast milk. There is an abundance of microplastics in the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. Curbing them has to start with a ban of all forms of primary microplastics, and single use plastics with preference being given to biodegradable alternatives. India in particular banned single use plastics in 2022, which put an end to several commonly used plastic items being replaced with biodegradables. Paint is one of the largest contributors to microplastics, followed by textile industry, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industry, packaging industry are all top contributors to microplastics. The wastewater treatment plants aren't designed to filter microplastics from the source and this results in microplastics polluting all water resources. Though several novel techniques for microplastic segregation exist such as sieving, filtration, density separation, visual sorting, alkali digestion exist, they aren't fully employed as the initial process of microplastic segregation from waste is still in question. ©
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Bioactive nanoparticles derived from marine brown seaweeds and their biological applications: a review
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-06-10)
Juhi Puthukulangara Jaison
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Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
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Jaya Gangwar
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Manikantan Pappuswamy
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Arun Meyyazhagan
The biosynthesis of novel nanoparticles with varied morphologies, which has good implications for their biological capabilities, has attracted increasing attention in the field of nanotechnology. Bioactive compounds present in the extract of fungi, bacteria, plants and algae are responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. In comparison to other biological resources, brown seaweeds can also be useful to convert metal ions to metal nanoparticles because of the presence of richer bioactive chemicals. Carbohydrates, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, pigments, and secondary metabolites in brown seaweeds act as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle’s synthesis. There are around 2000 species of seaweed that dominate marine resources, but only a few have been reported for nanoparticle synthesis. The presence of bioactive chemicals in the biosynthesized metal nanoparticles confers biological activity. The biosynthesized metal and non-metal nanoparticles from brown seaweeds possess different biological activities because of their different physiochemical properties. Compared with terrestrial resources, marine resources are not much explored for nanoparticle synthesis. To confirm their morphology, characterization methods are used, such as absorption spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. This review attempts to include the vital role of brown seaweed in the synthesis of metal and non-metal nanoparticles, as well as the method of synthesis and biological applications such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other functions. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.).

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